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DECARBONIZING SPACE HEATING WITH AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS 3. TECHNOLOGIES FOR DECARBONIZING SPACE HEATING This section describes air source heat pumps and reviews other space heating technologies with the potential to contribute to decarbonization. 3.1. Air Source Heat Pumps ASHPs use a vapor-compression cycle to move heat from the low-temperature ambient air to the higher-temperature indoor air. While ASHPs can take many forms, a typical ASHP consists of a closed loop refrigeration system with a compressor and two heat exchangers (one indoors and one outside). In heating mode, the refrigerant evaporates when it flows through the outside heat exchanger and releases heat to the indoor heat exchanger as it condenses back to liquid. A reversing valve can switch the operating mode from heating to cooling as it reverses the thermodynamic cycle. Heat pumps can be a highly efficient way to satisfy space heating needs.9 The vapor- compression process allows for a high coefficient of performance (COP) when the desired space temperature is close to the ambient temperature. For example, when the ambient temperature is 60°F (about 15.5°C) and the desired space temperature is 68°F (about 20°C), the COP of an ASHP may be around four, meaning that for every unit of electricity consumed by the heat pump, four units of thermal energy are added to the conditioned space. A drawback to heat pumps is that their performance degrades as ambient temperatures drop. ASHPs are particularly susceptible to this phenomenon, as they must extract thermal energy from the ambient air. (Ground source heat pumps [GSHPs] extract energy from the soil, which tends to be warmer than the air during the heating season.) However, as the technology has improved in recent years, ASHPs have become viable even in many colder climates. Today, most heat pumps are equipped with a supplementary electric resistance heater or backup burner that provides additional heat when the building’s heating demands exceed the compressor’s capabilities.10 These resistance heaters can provide additional capacity for low capital cost but have a COP of only one. 12 | CENTER ON GLOBAL ENERGY POLICY | COLUMBIA SIPAPDF Image | DECARBONIZING SPACE HEATING WITH HEAT PUMPS
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