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DECARBONIZING SPACE HEATING WITH AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS for energy efficiency, because those costs make homes more expensive. Purchasers heavily weight up-front purchase price over future costs in purchase decisions. ● Contractor familiarity. Many contractors and construction managers may not be trained to recommend or install ASHPs, especially in regions with low ASHP penetration. ● Information. Consumers may not be aware of emerging technologies or have the most up-to-date information about their costs or performance. ASHPs have a reputation for poor performance in cold climates, despite the fact that hundreds of heat pump models can now operate efficiently in 5°F weather or colder.20 3.2. Other Decarbonization Technologies Other technologies for decarbonizing space heating alternatives fall into four broad categories: 1. Energy Efficiency. Efficiency and conservation are critically important strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from space heating. Indeed, improvements to building insulation, architectural design and the efficiency of furnaces and other appliances can often be achieved at a relatively low (and sometimes negative) cost. However, efficiency and conservation on their own cannot achieve net zero emissions, so long as some heating is required. 2. Ground Source Heat Pumps. GSHPs are similar to ASHPs, except instead of an air- based heat exchanger, GSHPs have pipe systems in the ground.21 Due to the relatively moderate and constant temperature of the ground (between 50°F and 60°F) compared to the air, GSHPs are considerably more efficient than ASHPs. However, GSHPs cost significantly more than ASHPs to install—often double or more.22 GSHPs face almost all the same barriers as ASHPs in displacing incumbent space heating technologies, and these barriers are often magnified by the higher up-front costs. 3. Low-Carbon Fuels. The major advantages of low-carbon fuels as an alternative to fossil fuels are that they can be used with existing infrastructure. They also can be stored and perform well in any climate. Two possible low-carbon fuels are biogas and hydrogen. Waste products (e.g., wastewater, food waste, manure) can be processed in a biodigester to create biogas, which can then be upgraded to renewable natural gas (RNG). Hydrogen can be produced without carbon emissions using (i) CCS, or (ii) electrolysis powered by electricity from zero-carbon sources. However, the current supply of carbon-free fuels is limited, and there are large barriers to the emergence of low-carbon fuels as a primary space heating decarbonization strategy. In the absence of strong new regulations, biogas from sources other than waste products may not be carbon free (or even low carbon) and could distort markets for other products (e.g., food). Blending too much hydrogen into existing pipelines creates safety concerns. A commitment to carbon-beneficial biomass production or a new pipeline system of hydrogen (or, alternatively, converting the hydrogen to synthetic natural gas) are conceivable but not small undertakings. 4. District Heating. Heat can be generated centrally and distributed to individual 16 | CENTER ON GLOBAL ENERGY POLICY | COLUMBIA SIPAPDF Image | DECARBONIZING SPACE HEATING WITH HEAT PUMPS
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