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DECARBONIZING SPACE HEATING WITH AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS Use of Refrigerants in Air Source Heat Pumps Refrigerants are a critical component of ASHP technologies. Liquid refrigerants extract heat from the outside air, evaporate into a gas, and release the heat indoors. Historically, most refrigerants used in ASHPs were hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) such as R-22 (Freon), which deplete the ozone layer. When the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) banned HCFCs, including R-22, in new units as of 2010, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) became the most common refrigerant in ASHPs.24,25 HFCs do not deplete the ozone layer but are powerful greenhouse gases. Some HFCs are thousands of times more potent at trapping heat than carbon dioxide.26 HFC emissions are a factor that policy makers should consider in comparing ASHPs to other space heating sources. However, for three reasons, this report focuses on the carbon dioxide emissions from space heating and not HFC emissions. First, the vast majority of warming from space heating emissions comes from carbon dioxide. In part due to current EPA safeguards on leakage and end-of- life disposal, just 2–5 percent of lifetime total equivalent warming impact of heat pump systems, including end- of-life disposal, is driven by escaped refrigerant gas.27 Second, ASHPs provide cooling as well as heating and therefore can displace air conditioners as well as furnaces and boilers. Air conditioners also require the use of refrigerants. Displacing air conditioners with ASHPs may not 28 significantly increase HFC emissions. Third, under the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, 197 countries committed to cut the production and consumption of HFCs by more than 80 percent over the next 30 years. While the US Senate has not yet ratified the agreement, the United States committed to an 85 percent reduction in HFCs by 2035. Alternative refrigerants are already beginning to emerge.29 Many manufacturers are investing in hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), developing HFO-based refrigerant blends that are less powerful at trapping heat than HFCs. 18 | CENTER ON GLOBAL ENERGY POLICY | COLUMBIA SIPAPDF Image | DECARBONIZING SPACE HEATING WITH HEAT PUMPS
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