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calculated based on temperatures over the same 30-year period. Heating and cooling hours were calculated for each year in the following way: each hour in which the temperature was lower than 60°F was counted as a heating hour, and each hour in which the temperature was higher than 75°F was counted as a cooling hour. The sum of heating and cooling hours was evaluated on a yearly basis, and the average over 30 years was used in the model. ASHP heating and cooling capacity was calculated hourly for temperatures lower than 60°F and higher than 75°F, respectively, to allow the model to account for off-load and partial-load performance. The heating and cooling capacity values shown in table 2 were calculated as the average of these hourly values over 30 years. Heating and cooling hours and region heating and cooling design temperatures are reported in Table 2. Table 2: Regional heating and cooling hours and design temperatures DECARBONIZING SPACE HEATING WITH AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS San Diego, CA Atlanta, GA Fargo, ND Heating hours (temperature lower than 60) Cooling hours (temperature higher than 75) Heating design temperature Cooling design temperature Average COP value (heating) Average COP value (cooling) Average ASHP capacity value (heating) Average ASHP capacity value (cooling) 2,356 hours 389 hours 47 ̊F 81 ̊F 3.70 4.49 1.050 1.055 3,699 hours 2,166 hours 27 ̊F 92 ̊F 3.43 4.32 0.973 1.039 6,123 hours 769 hours -14 ̊F 88 ̊F 2.86 4.36 0.811 1.043 ASHPs are sized in the model based on the highest load (cooling or heating). In both San Diego and Atlanta, the ASHPs are dimensioned based on cooling needs, with the following formula: In Fargo, the need for heating is larger than the need for cooling. Therefore, the ASHP was dimensioned based on heating needs to enable a more realistic comparison with the gas furnace. First we considered the heat that needs to be provided by the gas furnace (with the gas furnace dimensioned based on the formula indicated above). Then we assumed the ASHP is sized to cover this heat demand, considering COP and capacity (based on Fargo’s average winter temperature). This is a simplification: in reality, this decision would likely be based on an optimization of the size of equipment, based on performance of ASHP, electricity prices, Size of ASHP [Btu] = house square footage x shell cooling efficiency ÷ ASHP capacity x (region maximum temperature - 65°F) ENERGYPOLICY.COLUMBIA.EDU | DECEMBER 2019 | 35PDF Image | DECARBONIZING SPACE HEATING WITH HEAT PUMPS
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