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measurement of 100kg apples in figure 2 (right), it is measured that five hours after the drying process has started, 70kg of water has been removed from the product, which has been correctly estimated by the model. Therefore, the model reproduces the system behaviour for both measurement data sets in an accurate way and can be thus considered successfully validated. Figure 2: Drying of initially 3kg (left) and 100kg (right) of apples, measurement Innotech GmbH vs Modelica model 2.3 Implementation of a heat pump The final aim of this study is to utilize the validated model of the drying chamber to evaluate heat pump-assisted drying systems. To be able to make more precise statements on the energetic efficiency of a drying process, various system setups are investigated in this section: A benchmark open-loop system without heat pumps, a simple heat pump system with two gas coolers and a more elaborated heat pump system with two evaporators. Furthermore, the effect of direct recirculation of moist air by usage of a bypass will be examined. The simplest system for a drying process is an open-loop process, where ambient air is heated via a fossil fuel burner and being released to the environment after passing the drying chamber, as depicted in figure 3 (left). The general requirements to the system regarding components or control schemes are low. As for the model, ambient air of 25 °C is sucked in and heated up with approximately 80 kW to keep the inlet temperature at 70 °C. Figure 3: Main components of the simulated open-loop benchmark setup (left) and the simulated heat pump drying process with R744 (right) However, to increase the energy efficiency of any drying process, a closed-loop system for the moist air is a promising setup to lower energy consumption. The amount of heating load that is required to provide a specific drying temperature can be decreased by re-utilization of the still hot air from the drying chamber outlet. Therefore, a heat pump with CO2 (R744) as refrigerant is used, as shown in figure 3 (right). To drain the absorbed water, the moist air needs to be conditioned to a lowerPDF Image | Design of a CO2 heat pump drier with dynamic modelling tools
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