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Direct expansion ground source heat pump using R744

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Direct expansion ground source heat pump using R744 ( direct-expansion-ground-source-heat-pump-using-r744 )

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degrade the system performance by up to 25% for hot water production application. Furthermore, right gas cooler selection for given water mass flow rate is very critical to get the best performance and maximum heat capacity. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was financially supported by the Energy Innovation Program (Natural Resources Canada). REFERENCES Ndiaye, D. 2016. Reliability and performance of direct-expansion ground-coupled heat pump systems: Issues and possible solutions. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews 66: 802-814. Kruse, H., and H. Russmann. 2005. Novel CO2-heat pipe as earth probe for heat pumps without auxiliary pumping energy. 8th IHA heat pump conference, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. Bertsch, S., E.A. Groll, and K. Whitacre. 2005. Modeling of a CO2 thermosyphon for a ground source heat pump application. 8th IHA heat pump conference, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. Mastrullo, R., A.W. Mauro, L. Menna, and G.P. Vanoli. 2014. A model for a borehole heat exchanger working with CO2. Energy Procedia 45: 635-644. Eslami-Nejad, P., M. Ouzzane, and A. Aidoun. 2014. Modeling of a two-phase CO2-filled vertical borehole for geothermal heat pump applications. Applied Energy 114: 611-620. Austin, B.T., K. Sumathy. 2011. Parametric study on the performance of a direct-expansion geothermal heat pump using carbon dioxide. Applied Thermal Engineering 31: 3774–3782. Eslami-Nejad, P., M. Ouzzane, and A. Aidoun. 2015. A Quasi-transient Model of a Transcritical Carbon Dioxide Direct-Expansion Ground Source Heat Pump for Space and Water Heating. Applied Thermal Engineering 91: 259-269. Lamarche, L. and B. Beauchamp. 2007. A new contribution to the finite line-source model for geothermal boreholes. Energy and Buildings 39: 188-198. Chen Y.G. 2016. Pinch point analysis and design considerations of CO2 gas cooler for heat pump water heaters. International Journal of Refrigeration 69: 136-146. Lemmon, EW., ML. Huber, and MO. McLinden. 2013. NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties-REFPROP, Version 9.1, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg.

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