PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 013
Energies 2021, 14, 4103 13 of 28 Four Scandinavian cities have been selected for comparisons, covering a broadest range of temperature profiles. Included in the analysis are four cities located in Central and Southern Europe to evaluate the warm climate performance potential of the designs. The climate data were obtained with the software MeteoNorm 7.1 and is based on recorded data from the period 1991–2010 [46]. The occurrences of ambient temperatures across a standard year are shown in Figure 6. A temperature bin of ±2.5 ◦C for given ambient temperatures has been applied. 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Ambient temperature [°C] Stockholm Winter mode Summer mode Copenhagen Tromsø Helsinki Munich Rome Athens Madrid Figure 6. Number of hours per year at different ambient temperatures for the selected locations. An hourly-dependent DHW demand profile is applied to the models to demonstrate the DHW thermal storage charging and discharging. Figure 7 depicts the DHW demand profile, which is repeated every 24 h. As for the thermal demands established for SH and AC cooling, the DHW demand profile is based on recorded operational data presented by Smitt et al. [29]. The city water temperature and DHW setpoint temperature are assumed independent of ambient conditions and have been applied to the models as constant values of 10 and 70 ◦C, respectively. 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 Time [hours] Figure 7. Domestic hot water consumption curve for the hotel, which is applied to the models. 3.4. Performance Evaluation The overall COP of the system, hereafter referred to as COP, is applied to evaluate the performance of the system designs, and is defined in Equation (3): COP = Q ̇ SH + Q ̇ DHW + Q ̇ AC (3) W ̇ where Q ̇ SH , Q ̇ DHW and Q ̇ AC represent SH, DHW, and AC loads, respectively, and W ̇ the electricity consumption of the compressor(s). Which terms are included at the span of ambient temperatures is given by Table 3. For instance, only the heating loads for DHW DHW demand [kW] Number of hours [-]PDF Image | Evaluation of Integrated Concepts with CO2 for Heating
PDF Search Title:
Evaluation of Integrated Concepts with CO2 for HeatingOriginal File Name Searched:
energies-14-04103-v2.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
Heat Pumps CO2 ORC Heat Pump System Platform More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)