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Evaluation of Integrated Concepts with CO2 for Heating

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Evaluation of Integrated Concepts with CO2 for Heating ( evaluation-integrated-concepts-with-co2-heating )

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Energies 2021, 14, 4103 23 of 28 systems as a competitive alternative to traditional synthetic refrigeration systems. From this study, it can be concluded that improving the DHW charging strategy is the least expensive and most efficient measure to enhance the performance of integrated CO2 systems. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, S.S., Á.P. and A.H.; methodology, S.S. and Á.P.; software, S.S.; investigation, S.S.; writing—original draft preparation, S.S. and Á.P.; writing—review and editing, S.S., Á.P. and A.H.; visualization, S.S.; supervision, Á.P. and A.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research received no external funding. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Nomenclature Symbols β CO2 emission factors [g CO2-eq·kWh-1] η efficiency [-] C cost [€] E energy [kWh] L leakage rate [%] N plant economic life [years] P pressure [bar] p electricity price [€·kWh−1 ] Q ̇ heat [kW] r rate [%] T temperature [◦ C] Subscript AC air-conditioning al alternative corr corrected d discount DHW domestic hot water e electricity el electric boiler eq equivalent i investment lift pressure lift m motive SH space heating Abbreviations AC air-conditioning CFC chlorofluorocarbons CO2 carbon dioxide COP coefficient of performance DHW domestic hot water DPP discounted payback period DV directional valve EJ ejector-supported parallel compression ESEER European seasonal energy efficiency ratio EVAP Evaporator FGT flash gas tank GC gas cooler GWP global warming potential HCFC hydrochlorofluorocarbons

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