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WHITE PAPER Kigali amendment to the Montreal Protocol One major effort to curb high-GWP refrigerants has been a 2016 amendment to the Montreal Protocol. In force since 1989, the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was originally developed to phase out ozone-damaging refrigerants like CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) and HCFCs (hydrochlorofluorocarbons). While the protocol has been almost universally successful worldwide, HFCs became the primary replacement for these earlier refrigerants. At the 28th Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol in the Rwandan capital of Kigali, the protocol was amended to target planet-warming HFC gases. The new agreement involves phasing out HFCs by 2047, with different timetables for different countries. Highly devel- oped regions were required to reduce production and consumption of HFCs beginning in 2019. Much of the rest of the world, including China and Brazil, will freeze HFC use by 2024. A smaller group of countries that in- cludes India has until 2028 to institute a freeze. Although the updated Montreal Protocol provides a timetable, the Kigali amendment was not as ambitious as initially anticipated. For businesses, this has meant a lack of clarity regarding expectations as well as the alternatives available to them. In particular, the protocol does not define what consti- tutes a suitable low-GWP refrigerant for replacing HFCs. For the time being, these issues have been left to the determination of regional and national legislatures. European Union F-gas Regulation Currently, the European Union’s regulation on fluorinat- ed greenhouse gases represents the most substantial requirements for curbing HFC usage. Originally adopted in 2006, it was updated in 2014 and is up for revision again in 2021 to set concrete GWP limits for acceptable replacement refrigerants. While the regulation applies to all companies operating within EU member states, specific GWP levels, as well as the deadlines for meet- ing them, differ regarding the application in question, as shown in the following table. European businesses weighing alternative refrigerant options must therefore consider that requirements will depend on the way the refrigerant is used. See the below limits as of the 2014 regulatory update. Table 2.1: GWP limits for refrigerants in the EU Application GWP Limit Deadline Domestic refrigeration Hermetically sealed commercial refrigeration Moveable room AC 150 2015 150 2022 150 2020 Stationary refrigeration1 2500 2020 Centralized commercial refrigeration2 150 2022 Single split AC3 750 2025 1 ≥ -50°C 2 ≥ 40 kW Exception in place for the primary circuit of cascade systems, where refrigerants with a GWP < 1500 may be used. 3 < 3 kg of fluorinated greenhouse gases. 5PDF Image | guide for selecting and accommodating refrigerants
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