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WHITE PAPER 3.2.3 CO2 (Carbon dioxide/R744) Although CO2 is not the most efficient natural refrigerant, it is gaining popularity due to the fact that it is neither flammable nor toxic. However, there is a remaining danger to human health, since carbon dioxide is an odourless gas that is heavier than air and can have a narcotic and asphyxiating effect at high concentrations in enclosed environments. Leak detectors should therefore be present where there is a potential risk. A further consideration is that use of CO2 as a refrigerant requires high operating pressures. Another potential risk is that standstill pressure in systems where CO2 is used with other refrigerants (for example, cascade systems) can be higher than the maximum rated suction pressure. In these cases, a pressure-relief valve is required to pro- tect the system from a sudden rise in pressure after, for example, a power failure. In the last 10-15 years, system components, pipe work, tools and equipment have been developed to safely handle the pressure challenges associate with CO2. New technologies are constantly emerging to increase efficiency in a transcritical systems using CO2. A transcritical CO2 system only uses CO2 and can work above the critical point. The term critical point does not refer to a danger point, but rather to the point above which it exists as a supercritical fluid. For CO2, the critical point is at 31°C (88°F), which is lower than that of other commonly used refrigerants. A system using CO2 oper- ates in transcritical mode when the condensing temper- ature exceeds 31° C. At this point, no distinction can be made between the refrigerant as a fluid or a vapor. Due to this, the condenser acts as a kind of gas cooler. A transcritical system’s efficiency will decrease in a warm climate area when it needs to operate above the critical point for longer periods. However, recently developed technologies can allow the system to operate efficien- cy also in warm climates. Examples include adiabatic condensers, parallel compressors, ejectors or subcooling systems. Recovering high temperature gas energy for heating is an additional way of increasing total efficiency of a transcritical CO2 installation. 9PDF Image | guide for selecting and accommodating refrigerants
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