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3.0 Heat pump performance This section covers the performance of heat pumps and the different factors that impact on their efficiency. It includes how heat pump efficiencies are determined, where you can find that information, how temperature affects performance and the impacts of the defrost cycle on efficiency. Understanding heat pump performance is essential when it comes to selecting a heat pump (which is covered in Section 4.0 of this guide). Figure 3.1 Schematic of heat pump performance In theory, the total heat that could be available for heating is the sum of the heat extracted from the source plus the energy required to drive the heat pump. Thus, if 1 kWh of electricity is required to drive a heat pump and 2 kWh of energy can be extracted from the heat source, the total energy delivered could theoretically be 3 kW out 2 kW from air 3 kWh, giving an efficiency of 300% (Figure 3.1). 1 kW electricity In practice, other factors that must be considered to determine the actual efficiency of a heat pump are: • climate • heating and cooling demands • source and supply temperatures • auxiliary energy consumption (pumps, fans) • heat pump size to meet heating/cooling demand • operating characteristics. 3.1 Heat pump efficiency Heat pump efficiency is the ratio of the heating or cooling delivered to the electrical energy required to operate the system. The ratios are given in two ways: • coefficient of performance (COP) – the ratio of heating delivered to the electrical energy input • energy efficiency ratio (EER) – the ratio of cooling delivered to the electrical energy input. The higher the COP or EER, the greater is the efficiency of the heating or cooling system. COP can be calculated by taking the heating output (in kW) and dividing it by the electrical input (in kW). These values can be found in the energy rating label (see Section 3.2) or manufacturer’s information. An acceptable level of COP should be at least 3, and better products may well have a COP of 4 or more. Note: Heat pump efficiency ratios are sometimes presented as ACOP and AEER, which indicates it is an annualised figure which includes standby powerin calculation. 13PDF Image | Heat pump installation Good Practice Guide
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