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SECTION 1: TYPOLOGIES OF EXISTING MULTIFAMILY BUILDINGS SPACE HEATING AND COOLING TYPOLOGIES Typology generation focused on relevant characteristics for converting fuel-based systems to electric-based systems. This report does not focus on buildings that are already using electricity for heating or hot water, since a low-efficiency electric to high-efficiency electric conversion is a different category of retrofit than a fuel switch from gas or oil to electricity. Six major typologies are defined based on heating system layout and building height. These characteristics are key to describing the infrastructure in the building and overall building shape and envelope characteristics, resulting in the following categories: Steam High Rise – mostly older (pre-1980s) large multifamily buildings in cities use a steam boiler and steam pipes throughout the building to each room. Cooling, if present, is typically done with window or through wall AC units. Steam Low Rise – garden-style 2-3 story apartment complexes with boiler plants in a basement or mechanical room, sometimes using underground piping between buildings to share a boiler plant. Cooling, if present, is typically done with window or through wall AC units. Hot Water High Rise – taller and newer (1980s and on) buildings with either baseboard heating or fan coil units. Cooling is sometimes provided through the same piping but can also be with PTACs or standard window or through wall ACs. Hot Water Low Rise – garden-style 2-3 story apartment complexes with hot water boilers in a basement or mechanical room feeding baseboards or fan coil units in each room. Cooling is typically done with window or through wall AC units. Furnace/ Hot Air – most likely low-rise buildings with individual ductwork heated with a central gas furnace per apartment, usually with a built-in air conditioner unit. Found in smaller buildings with more individualized systems. Room-by-room – gas-fired packaged heating units, sometimes referred to as gas wall furnaces, are in each room, mostly in smaller multifamily buildings. Many come in the form of gas PTACs and look like electric PTACs with a gas line to each room for heating. Steven Winter Associates,Inc. 9PDF Image | HEAT PUMP RETROFIT STRATEGIES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDINGS
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