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Fuel-Based Heating Systems Using the 2015 Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) data set, a nationwide and regional view of multifamily housing was assessed to understand heating systems and energy use. This data breaks out multifamily housing with five units or greater per building. Figure 2 identifies several dominant fuel-based heating system distribution types. Going from most centralized to least centralized systems in a given building: Multi-apartment – Steam or hot water: The first major system is the steam or hot water system, generally classified as “hydronic”. In general, hydronic systems are made up of a central plant and piping distributed around multiple apartments in a multifamily building. Single-apartment, multi-room – Furnace: The second major heating system type is the hot air furnace. Furnaces in multifamily buildings are typically fuel-fired appliances serving a single apartment with ductwork to multiple rooms. Single-room – Unitized/room heater or wall furnace: The third major type of fuel-fired system is the room heater/unitized gas heater, which serves a single room. This heating type includes gas PTACs, which include an air conditioning component in the same box. PTHPs/Electric Resistance -- Besides gas room heaters, many multifamily buildings use low- performance PTHPs and electric resistance PTACs. While not a fuel conversion to an electric system, moving electric resistance baseboards, PTHPs, and PTAC to high-performance PTHPs is still a priority in the goal of space heating energy reduction. Distinguishing Heating System Types While this section combines steam and hydronic heating systems, the two are differentiated in the typology definitions because of a key difference in the retrofit strategy. There is currently no workable technology retrofit that can maintain the use of a steam distribution system with a heat pump providing the steam. The steam infrastructure can therefore not likely be reused when installing a heat pump system to provide space heating. In contrast, hydronic systems with hot water circulation can potentially reuse existing distribution infrastructure to circulate hot water that is heated by a central heat pump. Retrofit strategies for a building with a hot water hydronic system should therefore include that consideration. Furnaces and room heaters are also broken out separately based on their frequency of use in heating climates determined in the analysis below. Note that the absolute values of these energy quantities may not be accurate, since they rely on engineering assumptions made during the RECS analysis, and not a detailed utility analysis. According to the RECS documentation28 (page 10), space heating and cooling end use consumption values are calculated based on “...an approach of first estimating an underlying conditioned load based on building characteristics and weather/climate variables and then estimating how much energy is required to meet that load given the efficiency of the equipment and fuel used in the housing unit (e.g., a natural gas furnace that is 10 to 14 years old).” Still, the relative magnitudes indicate where significant amounts of fuel energy are used for space heating. Steven Winter Associates,Inc. 11PDF Image | HEAT PUMP RETROFIT STRATEGIES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDINGS
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