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Heating System Types Mapped to Select Cities Each geographic region of the country will have different mixes of these system types and, importantly, different space heating needs based on climate. The Building America Climate Zones, with a map shown in Appendix A, divide up the country according to the intensity of heating and cooling needs. For context, here are major cities and their respective climate zones: Building America Climate Zone Large Metro Areas Located in Climate Zone* Combined Apartment Units in 5+ Unit Buildings1 Combined Apartment Units in 20+ Unit Buildings1 Cold/Very Cold Boston Chicago Minneapolis Milwaukee Detroit 2,082,292 1,134,146 Hot-Dry / Mixed Dry Sacramento San Diego 486,477 224,695 Hot-Humid Miami Austin 1,156,118 753,844 Marine San Francisco Los Angeles Seattle San Jose 2,523,942 1,429,823 Mixed-Humid New York Philadelphia Washington DC Atlanta 4,439,178 2,822,627 *Including surrounding metro areas; source is American Housing Survey 2015 5-year estimates. https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/searchresults.xhtml?refresh=t 1 Total unit counts are for the listed metro areas in each climate zone, not the entire climate zone The total amount of gas and oil heating energy is greatly concentrated into the two colder climate zones, both in terms of total heating energy and heating energy use per building: Figure 3. Total gas and oil energy use spread across the different Climate Zones, showing the concentration in the colder climates. Overall, the primary heating fuel is natural gas, shown in Figure 4. The retrofit strategies in this report are agnostic to the existing fossil fuel used. Fuel oil has a greenhouse gas (GHG) intensity 30% higher than natural gas per energy unit burned29. This difference means that the potential GHG reductions when converting to heat pumps are greater for oil than gas, so converting away from fuel oil should be prioritized if the choice arises. Oil also tends to be more expensive than gas per unit energy, so a stronger financial case can be made for oil to electric conversions. Electricity GHG intensity varies greatly depending on the composition of local generation sources.30 Steven Winter Associates,Inc. 12PDF Image | HEAT PUMP RETROFIT STRATEGIES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDINGS
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