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Barriers to Consider As with all heat pumps, the cost of electricity relative to fuel should be fully analyzed. Large multifamily buildings with steam heating systems tend to have inefficiencies due to steam balancing and overheating, so there is a better chance to overcome the higher cost of electricity. Hot water systems tend to have less waste and better control, but most would still benefit from holistic assessment to optimize water temperatures, heat delivery amounts and timing, and pumping energy. The current generation of AWHP technology is not commonly used for multifamily space heating, as many past products were not optimized to provide adequate hot water temperature or capacity on cold days. As a result, the only parties that are aware of this application are early adopters. A significant amount of consumer and engineer education could potentially enable more widespread use of the technology as an alternative to split heat pump systems. Thermal storage plays a more important role with AWHPs because, unlike boiler plants designed to have a large maximum output and shorter firing cycles, AWHPs are typically designed to maximize runtimes with less cycling. More thermal storage is needed to compensate for the lower heating capacity during peak demand; storage is less expensive than more heat pumps to meet capacity. The new sizing requirements may require additional training of designers, including input from the AWHP manufacturer and building staff that can contribute site-specific considerations. RETROFIT PROJECT 2: STEAM OR HOT WATER GROUND LOOP HYDRONIC WITH ROOM-BY-ROOM HEAT PUMPS Cost Complexity Technology and/or Market $30+/SF High– new room terminal units, new condenser water piping is likely needed, ground wells or field excavation needed Technology is readily available for ground-source condenser loops and water-source heat pumps Major Considerations Ground loops introduce additional cost and complexity compared to air source alternatives. What: Description of the Technology Buildings with steam or hot water heating distributions can remove the central plant entirely. A ground source water loop directly feeds the building hydronic distribution, and console water-source heat pumps (WSHPs) in each room provide heating and cooling. Console, or packaged, water source heat pumps have minimal to no ducting. Each room’s water source heat pump can switch between heating and cooling based on that space’s controlling thermostat setting. The common water loop, known as the condenser water loop in this application, provides heat recovery so cooling and heating during the shoulder seasons can be provided simultaneously. Alternatives on this design include using a natural or man-made body of water as a heat source/sink, or, in mild climates, using a cooling tower and central heat pump injection to the condenser loop. The ground loop can also be used to extract heat for DHW production using a central water-water heat pump. These systems are available from several manufacturers. In the summer, the use of a water-to-water heat pump for DHW on the ground loop will improve cooling efficiency by cooling the loop water. Steven Winter Associates,Inc. 21PDF Image | HEAT PUMP RETROFIT STRATEGIES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDINGS
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