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Figure 10. Ground loop hydronic system with room-by-room heat pumps. Image source: https://www.airdistributors.com/userfiles/file/Cat_1104.pdf Where: Use Today and Retrofit Applications There are a few case studies of the system in new construction projects, but market penetration in the retrofit sense is minimal. In multifamily buildings, a WSHP setup with a condenser loop is often used with a central boiler plant and cooling tower. The high first cost of the room heat pumps and the pumping energy costs37 drives this boiler loop heat pump system to be used in lieu of a ground exchange system, mostly in luxury multifamily or commercial buildings because of the high first cost. Why: Benefits of this Typology The benefits from the previous retrofit type apply to the hydronic conversion component of this retrofit – potential reuse of the distribution system with a long useful life using water and packaged heat pump circuit without field refrigerant connections. There is no central plant. The central equipment is a set of circulation pipes and pumps between the ground wells and the building. The new pumping and distribution equipment will take up less space and does not have the same ventilation or exhaust requirements as a fuel-fired boiler. Because ground temperature varies much less than air temperature, the efficiency of a ground-source heat pump remains high even on the coldest days of the year. With the best heating performance, the electricity demand on the coldest winter days doesn’t spike as much as if the heat pump used outdoor air directly, so this solution may provide a benefit to the electricity grid by being a more stable and predictable load. Heat pumps are in apartments, and the associated electricity load can be easily attached to residential electricity meters, effectively sub-metering most of the heating and cooling energy. Pumping energy for the bore field and building circulation falls on the common area meter. Unlike packaged air source heat pumps and apartment split units, which all require 230V electricity service to each apartment, it is possible to use 120V service to power WSHPs up to 12,000 BTUh, a heating capacity sufficient for most single rooms in an apartment. If larger heating capacities are needed, higher voltage service is required with current technology offerings. As technology changes, the terminal heat pumps can be replaced with better versions with little impact on the distribution system. Heat pumps and/or refrigerant technology can be upgraded while continuing to use the same water distribution system. This modularity provides insurance against the unknown technology and regulatory future. Steven Winter Associates,Inc. 22PDF Image | HEAT PUMP RETROFIT STRATEGIES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDINGS
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