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RETROFIT PROJECT 4: STEAM OR HOT WATER HIGH RISE CENTRAL HEAT PUMPS WITH REFRIGERANT DISTRIBUTION Cost Complexity Technology and/or Market $15-$20/SF, higher to include energy recovery; equipment cost / labor cost: 50/50 High – significant upfront planning and disturbance to all spaces; can’t be done at turnover No major issues – technology is available across the country and is increasingly installed in multifamily new construction Major Considerations Capital costs can’t typically be justified by utility savings unless the heating and cooling distribution systems need to be completely redone; comfort and amenity benefits could create other cost recoupment What: Description of the Technology Commonly referred to as Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) systems, a central heat pump with refrigerant distribution retrofit provides heating and cooling in one system by exchanging energy with the outdoor air or a ground/water source.43 High-rise buildings with steam or hot water heating distributions can remove the central fuel-fired plant, distribution piping, and room heaters to install a central heat pump plant (or plants), refrigerant distribution piping, and fan coil heating and cooling units in each room. Regardless of the existing system being used, all new equipment is required. The exchange with the energy source happens in a central plant location, like the old steam or hot water heating plant, though the new plant can be located on the roof or outside, not necessarily in the basement. Domestic hot water can be produced using the VRF central plant. Some manufacturers offer water heating versions of the indoor units that can pull heat off the refrigerant loop to heat water. These indoor units can be distributed throughout the building or located centrally. They do, however, come with some limitations on which types of VRF systems they work with. For instance, with a VRF system that can only provide heating or cooling, the DHW generator may not be able to produce hot water when the system is in cooling mode. Figure 11. VRF component layout. Dashed line surrounds outdoor components. Image source: NYSERDA/Taitem43 Where: Use Today and Retrofit Applications Central heat pumps are used in larger multifamily and commercial buildings with increasing use in new construction and gut rehabs of existing buildings. There are few existing buildings in the U.S. that install central heat pumps as a retrofit. Other regions of the world, particularly those with high cooling loads, use this technology more often. Outside of major dense metropolitan areas such as New York City, most steam buildings are not high-rise, so the total number of high-rise steam buildings may be small compared to hot water and low-rise steam buildings. For example, in the Chicago metro area, 96% of multifamily buildings are low-rise, with 70% of those having central steam or hot water boilers.44,45 High-rise buildings are likely the best candidates for VRF versus shorter building types because floor area is at more of a premium in high-rise buildings. Steven Winter Associates,Inc. 27PDF Image | HEAT PUMP RETROFIT STRATEGIES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDINGS
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