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and neighborhood. This new load can put additional strain on the electricity grid at critical times. To mitigate this, controls can be used to run the HPWHs to charge storage tanks at off-peak times as much as possible. These controls may need to be customized for the building and are thus an additional engineering and software expense. Available Technology Integrated tank HPWHs are available nationwide and are a good fit for mild climates where outdoor air temperature rarely drops below 45 degrees. Some products now enable ducting of outdoor air, so the heat pump and tank can remain indoors without cooling the indoor air. The split HPWH system is described in the previous retrofit section. When: Opportunities for Phased Retrofit With a split HPWH installation, there is likely a benefit to doing much of the exterior work at the same time or in groups of apartments. Indoor components in apartments can otherwise be replaced at tenant turnover. An integrated HPWH installation can be performed at tenant turnover, though any electrical service upgrades may be better done in clusters or by building if the work is substantial. Barriers to Consider Low temperature performance of non-CO2 heat pumps necessitates backup heat for cold climates. Integrated HPWHs have backup electric resistance heat, which often gets used when the tank temperature drops. Most integrated HPWHs are not made to use direct outdoor air in cold weather, so those units are not recommended any climates with significant heating loads. Heat pumps do not make up a large portion of the DHW market. The equipment carries a cost premium over electric resistance and gas-fired units, so incentives may be necessary to encourage adoption as replacement for gas water heaters. Steven Winter Associates,Inc. 43PDF Image | HEAT PUMP RETROFIT STRATEGIES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDINGS
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