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41 Taitem Engineering, PC for NYSERDA.High-Performance Packaged Terminal Heat Pump Market and Development Research Report. October 2018. Page ES-2 describes the low-cost compromises of PTHPs. https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/-/media/Files/Publications/Research/Other-Technical-Reports/18-27-PTHP-Market- Development.pdf 42 Next Gen HVAC Innovation Challenges, Attachment E1. Current PTHPs “... switch from their heat pump mode to an electric resistance heating mode at colder outdoor temperatures to avoid coil defrost requirements. The outdoor temperature at which this switch occurs varies with manufacturers, but 35 to 40°F are common values, with some products going as low as 24°F. Further reducing the outdoor temperature at which this switching occurs could avoid many hours of less efficient electric resistance heating.” New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA). https://portal.nyserda.ny.gov/servlet/servlet.FileDownload?file=00Pt000000BOpXXEA1 (accessed November 2018) 43 New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA). “Replacing Steam Heat with Variable Refrigerant Flow Heat Pumps (Existing Buildings)”. http://www.taitem.com/wp-content/uploads/Steam-to-VRF- Conversions.pdf 44 Ludwig, Peter & Evens, Anne & Kotewa, Larry. (2018). Cook County Energy Savers: How Energy Efficiency in Chicago's Multi-Family Buildings Has Evolved to Meet New Challenges from the 1980's to the Present Day. https://aceee.org/files/proceedings/2008/data/papers/2_407.pdf 45 http://www.elevateenergy.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/Chicago-Multifamily-Segmentation.pdf, page 10 46 Erlich. B. The Cost of Comfort: Climate Change and Refrigerants. Building Green. (2017). https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/cost-comfort-climate-change-and-refrigerants 47 https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/bookstore/standards-15-34 48 Chapter 11, Section 1103: “Refrigeration System Classification”. https://codes.iccsafe.org/content/yc7355qxk7/chapter- 11-refrigeration 49 The House at Cornell Tech has a condenser on every floor, located inside a louvered area that is outside the thermal envelope of the building but visually “inside” the building. See slide 16: https://www.burohappold.com/wp- content/uploads/2016/05/bhe-cornell-tech-casestudy-web.pdf 50 Turpin, Joanna. “HVAC Industry Addresses Military Concerns About VRF Systems”. May 7, 2018. https://www.achrnews.com/articles/137029-hvac-industry-addresses-military-concerns-about-vrf-systems While some integration is possible to overlay building automation systems, the components of the VRF systems are only compatible with those from the same manufacturer. 51 Image source : https://www.trane.com/content/dam/Trane/residential/downloads/brochure/ductless/72-1287-05_HR.pdf 52 Image source: https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-110-hvac-in-multifamily-buildings 53 CADMUS study on field performance of residential ASHPs. http://ma-eeac.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/Ductless- Mini-Split-Heat-Pump-Impact-Evaluation.pdf 54 Supra 53. Page 89 – “Multi-Head Performance” shows the degradation in efficiency with increased number of connected indoor units. 55 https://neep.org/initiatives/high-efficiency-products/emerging-technologies/ashp/cold-climate-air-source-heat-pump 56 Supra 53 57 Supra note 55. 58 Supra note 55 59 Brooks, A. and Dirr, N. “DHW Electrification in Multifamily Buildings”. Presentation at ACEEE 2017 Hot Water Forum. https://aceee.org/sites/default/files/pdf/conferences/hwf/2017/Brooks_Session7B_HWF17_2.28.17.pdf 60 Aldrich, Robb. How to Heat Water in All-Electric Homes & Apartments?. NESEA 2015. Slides 25-33. https://www.energizect.com/sites/default/files/1-0105-Resi-HPWH-MF-Guidelines.pdf 61 Bush, J. and Davis, T. “CO2 Heat Pump Water Heaters for Commercial & Industrial Applications”. ACEEE 2016 Hot Water Forum. https://aceee.org/sites/default/files/files/pdf/conferences/hwf/2016/Davis_Session1B_HWF16_2.22.16.pdf 62 Third party testing on split HPWHs: Energy Factor = 3.35 in PNW U.S.: https://www.bpa.gov/pages/results.aspx?k=sanden 63 Delforge, P. and Vukovich, J. “Can Heat Pump Water Heaters Teach the California Duck to Fly?”. Section I. B. ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, 2018. https://aceee.org/files/proceedings/2018/#/paper/event-data/p009 64 Supra note 63, at Section III. C. 65 The Rheem HPWH, as an example, can have ducted exhaust but no less than 37°F allowed inlet temperature: https://s3.amazonaws.com/WebPartners/ProductDocuments/6741707F-9CFE-400D-817B-FEFEB6D3F98A.pdf 66 Supra note 6 Steven Winter Associates,Inc. 53PDF Image | HEAT PUMP RETROFIT STRATEGIES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDINGS
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