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Figure 1-1 warm air to building supply air ducting blower tubing return air ducting refrigerant-to-air heat exchanger cold air refrigerant cool air cool air condensate drain air-to-air heat pump outdoor unit to the thermodynamic underlying “heat engines,” which are devices that extract energy from some higher-temperature material and convert that energy into a combination of mechanical work and lower-temperature heat. From a thermodynamic perspective, a heat pump can be thought of as a heat engine operating in reverse. It combines heat from a low-temperature source material with mechanical work to produce heat at a higher temperature. Carnot, building on the work of Kelvin, also developed a formula that sets the theoretical performance limits for any heat pump. Crude heat pumps were developed in the early 1900s but remained little more than science experiments at a time when fossil fuels, especially coal and petroleum, were the dominant energy source for heating buildings. The first heat pumps to be mass produced were based on machines used for central air conditioning. The Carrier Corporation is widely recognized as one of the first companies to commercialize residential central cooling using vapor-compression refrigeration systems. During the 1950s, Carrier Corporation provided over 700 early-generation central air-conditioning systems for one of the first large-scale housing developments in Levittown, Pennsylvania. Although often taken for granted today, the advent of central air conditioning at that time allowed scarcely populated areas in the southwestern U.S. to develop into major population centers. Some historians have even cited air conditioning as one of the most impactful technical accomplishments of the 20th century. Early-generation air-conditioning systems were only able to cool buildings, absorbing heat from interior spaces and dissipating it to outside air. The next technological hurdle was finding ways to reverse the direction of heat flow, and thus convert low-temperature heat in outside air into higher-temperature heat to maintain comfort in buildings. This was the advent of air-to-air heat pumps. The basic configuration of a “split system” air-to-air heat pump, operating in heating mode, is shown in Figure 1-1. The outside unit, often called the “condenser” because of its origin in air-conditioning systems, connects to an Figure 1-2 interior air handler using two copper refrigerant tubes. The compressor is located in the outdoor unit. The indoor unit contains a refrigerant-to-air heat exchanger and blower. As is often the case with new technologies, early experiences with air-to-air heat pumps were mixed. First generation products experienced higher than acceptable compressor failure rates. In 1964, this reliability issue led 6 Courtesy of Allied A/C & Heating indoor air handler filter inside outsidePDF Image | Heat Pump Systems 2020
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CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
Heat Pumps CO2 ORC Heat Pump System Platform More Info
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