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Figure 13: Absorption heat pump The great majority of heat pumps work on the principle of the vapor compression cycle. The main components in such a heat pump system are the compressor, the expansion valve and two heat exchangers referred to as evaporator and condenser. The components are connected to form a closed circuit, as shown in Figure 11. A volatile liquid, known as the working fluid or refrigerant, circulates through the four components. In the evaporator the temperature of the liquid working fluid is kept lower than the temperature of the heat source, causing heat to flow from the heat source to the liquid, and the working fluid evaporates. Vapor from the evaporator is compressed to a higher pressure and temperature. The hot vapor then enters the condenser, where it condenses and gives off useful heat. Finally, the high-pressure working fluid is expanded to the evaporator pressure and temperature in the expansion valve. The working fluid is returned to its original state and once again enters the evaporator. The compressor is usually driven by an electric motor and sometimes by a combustion engine. An electric motor drives the compressor (see Figure 11) with very low energy losses. The overall energy efficiency of the heat pump strongly depends on the efficiency by which the electricity is generated. Hydropower and other forms of renewable over the maximum efficiency of heat pumps. This is discussed in the section above on Heat pump performance. When the compressor is driven by a gas or diesel engine (see Figure 12), heat from the cooling water and exhaust gas is used in addition to the condenser heat. Industrial vapor compression type heat pumps often use the process fluid itself as working fluid in an open cycle. These heat pumps are generally referred to as mechanical vapor recompressors, or MVRs; refer to the section on Heat pumps in industry. Absorption Absorption heat pumps are thermally driven, which means that heat rather than mechanical energy is supplied to drive the cycle. Absorption heat pumps for space conditioning are often gas-fired, while industrial installations are usually driven by high-pressure steam or waste heat. Absorption systems utilize the ability of liquids or salts to absorb the vapor of the working fluid. The most common working pairs for absorption systems are: 21PDF Image | Heat Pump Technology
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