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p h The output of the condenser depends on the area of the condenser surface, the heat transfer coefficient and the temperature difference. These parameters can be used to calculate the output of a condenser by Eq. (5.10): Fig. 5.13. Condensation process (Source: own elaboration) Fig. 5.13 shows the condensation process in a p-h diagram: • line 2-2* indicates the heat dissipation zone, • line 2*-3* indicates the condensation zone, • line 3*-3 indicates the supercooling zone. where: Qc – A – k – ∆tm – Qc = A · k · ∆tm total output of the condenser (kW), the area of the condenser surface (m2), coefficient of heat transmission (W/m2K), logarithmic temperature difference (K). (5.10) The above formula can only be used to perform the calculation for liquid-cooled condensers which operate in a uniflow mode. However, the formula cannot be used for the condensers operating in a cross flow mode, nor for the air-cooled condensers. The k coefficient of heat transfer indicates the amount of heat that can flow through the condenser per second and per square meter at a temperature difference of 1K. The k value is qualified in the plant, for each condenser. In practice, the coefficient of heat transmission can be reduced due to soiling on the surface of the condenser. If the 5. Heat pumps Supercooling zone: In the supercooling zone, the completely condensed refrigerant is then supercooled to around 5°C. Supercooling guarantees that there are no bubbles before the expansion valve and increases the process capacity on the evaporator part, thus upgrading the coefficient of performance of the whole system (Kreider et al., 2010). 3 4 1* 1 3* 2* 2 157PDF Image | Heat Pumps 978-83-65596-73-4
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