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As shown by Rubik (2006), the necessary length of pipes (L) can be estimated from the following formula: L=Q ⋅ln4x/2Πλ (t −t) o Dz A x where: Q0– total heat from the ground (W), x– depth of pipe (m), Dz– diameter of pipe (m), λA– thermal conductivity of the ground (W/(m∙K)), tx– ground temperature at depth x (°C), t– medium temperature at condenser outlet (°C). (5.14) Thermal conductivity of the ground can be considered from 1.16-1.33 W/(m∙K) for sand, to 2.3-2.44 W/(m∙K) for wet sea sand or clay. Fig. 5.27 shows photos of the equipment (internal units) installed in existing buildings with ground heat pumps. Fig. 5.27. Examples of ground heat pumps in buildings (Source: Smuczyńska, 2015) Air heat pumps Nowadays also air heat pumps are becoming more and more popular, although in Polish or Lithuanian conditions they are not efficient in severe winter period, so additional heat source is required (Figs. 5.28 and 5.29). 5. Heat pumps 175PDF Image | Heat Pumps 978-83-65596-73-4
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