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Heat Pumps for Heating and Cooling salt-based solutions often prove corrosive to metal components, including cast iron and copper. These solutions have also shown a propensity to leak through certain pipe joints due to their low surface tensions. At present, salt-based solutions are not widely used in geothermal heat pump applications. 3.10.2. Alcohol based Solutions − Alcohol-based fluids include diluted solutions of methanol and ethanol. Methanol, although good from the standpoint of having relatively high specific heat, good freezing point depression and low viscosity, has the negative of high oral toxicity and is flammable, even in 20% methanol/80% water concentrations. For these reasons, some municipalities and states have specifically banned its use in geothermal earth loops. − Ethanol solutions as low as 20% concentration are also considered flammable liquids according to NFPA standard 325. Any ethanol used for antifreeze purposes is “denatured” (e.g., rendered undrinkable through additives, some of which may be toxic). Premixed solutions of ethanol and deionized water are commercially available for geothermal applications in North America. Installers should follow all information provided by suppliers regarding handling, storage and disposal of such fluids. Although both types of alcohol-based solutions have been successfully used in geothermal heat pump systems, it is imperative to verify any local ordinances or OSHA regulations that may constrain or restrict their use. 3.10.3. Propylene Glycol − The most widely used antifreeze in geothermal heat pump applications is a water-based solution of food grade propylene glycol. Concentrations of 20% are common. Food-grade propylene glycol is not toxic. Commercially available propylene glycol sold for use in HVAC systems contains small amounts of other chemicals called “inhibitors.” These chemicals make the solution less acidic, discourage biological growth and minimize corrosion potential. Because it is non-flammable and non-toxic, it is acceptable to 43PDF Image | Heat Pumps for Heating and Cooling
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CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
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