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Heat Pumps for Heating and Cooling 4.6. Closed Loop Submerged Systems Closed loop systems are typically used for any site that has an access to pond, lake or river. The system comprises of a series of closed loops arranged in the spiral loop pattern, submerged in water. Heat energy is exchanged with the water body through the fluid circulating in the loop. The piping material is typically HDPE piping of 3⁄4 - 11⁄2 inch (20–40 mm) diameter. Submerged loops can be formed by coiled polyethylene pipe, mats or plate heat exchangers. Typical installations require around 300 to 500 ft. of pipe per cooling ton (27 to 45 m/kW) and approximately 3,000 ft2 of surface water per cooling ton [79 m2/kW]. The water surface area requirements (i.e. the size of the water body) will vary depending on the water depth and the degree of water column stratification. Some commercial, industrial or institutional buildings and some recreational facilities have artificial ponds for aesthetic or functional reasons and these may have adequate surface area and depth to support a submerged loop system. Submerged water heat pumps are generally more efficient in cooling than GSHP if the water body is more than 30 feet deep. However, even deep lakes are colder in the winter than the ground, so the GSHP system performs slightly better in heating. Submerged water heat pump systems are typically less expensive than GSHP if a suitable body of water is nearby and the water retention ponds located within the property premises is effectively utilized. 4.6.1. Design considerations It is recommended that the coils be submerged 6 to 8 ft. (2 to 2.5 m) deep (preferably deeper) in a pond or lake and secured to concrete anchors so they float 9 to 18 in. (23 to 46 cm) above the bottom. This would ensure adequate thermal mass at times of low water conditions and also minimize the chance of damage by people using the body of water for recreational activities. 59PDF Image | Heat Pumps for Heating and Cooling
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CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
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