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Heat Pumps for Heating and Cooling • Tube spacing within the thin slab should not exceed 9 inches. • Floors should have a minimum of R-19 underside insulation. • Floor finishes should have a total R-value of 1.0 or less. • Never use “lightweight” concrete (not the same as poured gypsum under layments) for heated thin slabs. 5.9.3. Radiant Panels Radiant panels provide high surface area relative to their rate of heat delivery and can therefore deliver design load output while operating at a relatively low water temperature. Radiant panels can be applied on the walls or the ceiling. Ceilings have the advantage of not being covered or blocked by coverings or furniture, and thus are likely to retain good performance over the life of the building. The rate of heat emission to the room is approximately 0.8 Btu/hr/ft2 for each degree Fahrenheit the average water temperature in the tubing exceeds room air temperature. Thus, if the radiant panel operates with an average water temperature of 110oF in a room with 70oF air temperature, each square foot of wall would release about 0.8 x (110 - 70) = 32 Btu/ hr/ft2. This performance makes it well-suited for use with hydronic heat pumps. 5.9.4. Panel Radiators Panel radiator panel uses a convective element consisting of tubing with large surface area fins. The thermal mass of the metal and water contained in this element is very low. This allows for rapid response upon a call for heating. It also allows the unit to stop releasing heat very quickly upon a reduction or total stoppage of water flow. These characteristics are very desirable in buildings with low heat loss and the potential for significant internal heat gains from sunlight, people or equipment. 81PDF Image | Heat Pumps for Heating and Cooling
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CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
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