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Michigan Utility EE Statute (PA 342 OF 2016) essentially precludes electrification/heat pumps • Defines EE as “decrease in customer consumption of electricity or natural gas, achieved through measures or programs...” [Sec. 5(d)] • The cost-effectiveness definition focuses on “avoided supply-side costs” to electric and gas utilities [Sec..13(d)] • The “overall goal” of EWR is to “...reduce the future costs of [utility] service to customers”...”In particular, an electric provider’s energy waste reduction plan shall be designed to delay the need for constructing new electric generating faciltiies and thereby protect consumers from incurring the costs of such construction: [Sec. 71(3)] • The “energy waste reduction standard” is specifically designed as a % of electric sales for electric utilities, and a % of gas sales for gas utilities [Sec. 77(1)(3)] • The utility performance incentives are specifically tied to MWh savings for electric utilities and dekatherm savings for gas utilities [Sec. 75] Ø Under current statute, the only heat pumps that could qualify as a measure under EWR would be electric heat pumps replacing inefficient electric heat (or possibly gas heat pumps replacing inefficient gas heat) • (& no mention of ‘climate’, greenhouse gas, or carbon anywhere in EWR) 19PDF Image | Heat Pumps for Space and Water Heating
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CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
Heat Pumps CO2 ORC Heat Pump System Platform More Info
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