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Table of Contents ACRONYMS .............................................................................................................................................. XI KEY MESSAGES..........................................................................................................................................1 REFRIGERANTS ............................................................................................................................................1 DOMESTIC APPLIANCES ...............................................................................................................................1 COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION ....................................................................................................................1 INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION AND HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS .............................................................................2 TRANSPORT REFRIGERATION .......................................................................................................................2 AIR-TO-AIR AIR CONDITIONERS AND HEAT PUMPS .......................................................................................2 WATER AND SPACE HEATING HEAT PUMPS ..................................................................................................3 CHILLERS ....................................................................................................................................................3 VEHICLE AIR CONDITIONING........................................................................................................................4 ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND SUSTAINABILITY APPLIED TO REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS .....................................4 NOT-IN-KIND TECHNOLOGIES .....................................................................................................................4 HIGH AMBIENT ............................................................................................................................................5 MODELLING ................................................................................................................................................5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES........................................................................................................................7 1 REFRIGERANTS ............................................................................................................................................7 DOMESTIC APPLIANCES ...............................................................................................................................7 COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION ....................................................................................................................8 INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION AND HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS .............................................................................9 TRANSPORT REFRIGERATION .....................................................................................................................10 AIR-TO-AIR AIR CONDITIONERS AND HEAT PUMPS .....................................................................................11 WATER AND SPACE HEATING HEAT PUMPS ................................................................................................11 CHILLERS ..................................................................................................................................................12 VEHICLE AIR CONDITIONING......................................................................................................................13 ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND SUSTAINABILITY APPLIED TO REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS ...................................14 NOT-IN-KIND TECHNOLOGIES ...................................................................................................................15 HIGH AMBIENT ..........................................................................................................................................16 MODELLING ..............................................................................................................................................16 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................................21 1.1 THE REFRIGERATION, AIR CONDITIONING AND HEAT PUMP SECTOR - GENERAL REMARKS ...........21 1.2 MONTREAL PROTOCOL DEVELOPMENTS..........................................................................................22 1.2.1 The Kigali Amendment ..........................................................................................................22 1.3 TEAP TASK FORCE REPORTS...........................................................................................................26 1.4 THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY ISSUE ......................................................................................................28 1.5 CFC-11 EMISSIONS ..........................................................................................................................29 1.6 LONG TERM OPTIONS .......................................................................................................................29 1.7 THE TECHNICAL OPTIONS COMMITTEE REFRIGERATION, A/C AND HEAT PUMPS............................30 1.8 SET UP OF THE 2018 RTOC ASSESSMENT REPORT...........................................................................32 1.8.1 Specific items in the 2018 RTOC Assessment Report chapters..............................................33 1.9 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................34 REFRIGERANTS..............................................................................................................................39 2.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................39 2.2 BACKGROUND..................................................................................................................................39 2.2.1 Refrigerant progression.........................................................................................................39 2.2.2 Climate impact metrics for refrigerants ................................................................................40 2.2.3 Selection of refrigerant ..........................................................................................................41 2.2.4 Refrigerants choice and energy efficiency .............................................................................42 2 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment Report vPDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
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