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• The change from high GWP HFCs to lower GWP options is being used as an opportune time to innovate system architectures that use less refrigerant, are more efficient, simple to install, easy to maintain and less prone to leaks. Industrial refrigeration and heat pump systems Industrial refrigeration systems are used in a wide range of applications globally, applying a variety of refrigerants and technologies for a wide range of temperature levels. In larger industrial refrigeration plants, R-717 has been extensively used for more than 150 years. Current technological advances enable the use of low charge R-717 systems, as well as cascade systems using R-717 together with R-744, opening up new opportunities. Large size heat pumps are gaining market acceptance due to increased knowledge of the relevant technology benefits. There are several industrial processes where cooling and heating are needed at the same time, for example the dairy industry. These cases demonstrate how to fully use the potential of cooling and heating capabilities of heat pumps simultaneously. The industry has learned to work safely with R-717 by proper education and training. Accidents are less likely to happen when safety procedures are followed. Transport refrigeration • In some regions, a significant migration from R-404A to lower GWP has occurred since the last assessment. Today, R-404A has been completely replaced by R-452A in new truck and trailer equipment in Europe. This trend might extend across the rest of the world. • R-744 and R-513A have been introduced in intermodal container applications. R-744 is being field tested on trucks and trailers. • No mass production of equipment with flammable refrigerants has been introduced yet; however, field trials and technical publications are testimony of the large R&D effort ongoing in this area, with the goal of mitigating safety risks. Similar effort is going on in the area of codes, regulations and standards. • While new ships use R-717 and R-744, either alone or in cascade systems, the majority of the existing global fleet of reefer ships and fishing vessels other than those trading in Europe continue to operate on HCFC-22. Air-to-air air conditioners and heat pumps The phase-out of HCFC-22 in non-Article 5 countries is essentially complete and is progressing in Article 5 countries. There is an almost continuous introduction of new high, medium and low GWP refrigerants for use in air-to-air air conditioners and heat pumps, but few match or exceed the performance of HCFC-22. Component and system optimisation remain a design challenge. Larger, distributed systems pose the greatest challenges to adoption of medium and low GWP alternatives. Despite the reported low risk for certain applications, safety standards remain restrictive to several low GWP flammable refrigerants in certain product types, but are under 2 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment ReportPDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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