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revision for all refrigerants. There remains no large-scale shift to low GWP refrigerants as yet. Water and space heating heat pumps Most water and space heating heat pumps systems commercialised today make use of refrigerants R-410A, HFC-134a, R-407C, HC-290, HC-600a, R-717, R-744, or recently also HFC-32. In some Article 5 countries HCFC-22 is still used. There are technical solutions to replace HCFC-22 with a non-ODS refrigerant in new systems. The main parameters in the selection of alternatives when switching over from HCFC-22 are energy efficiency, temperature range, cost effectiveness, economic impact, safe use and ease of use. In the EU, the CO2 equivalent quota that would be needed for the replacement is an extra, recent requirement. Water and space heating heat pumps with the low GWP refrigerant HC-290 and the medium GWP refrigerant HFC-32 are commercially available. Also, other medium and low-GWP HFC blends may become commercially available. R-744 based water heating heat pumps have been mainly developed and commercialised in Japan, where around 6 million units have been installed since 2001. In Europe, commercial sized units are being installed for multi-family houses and hotels. R-717 is also being used in a small number of reversible heat pumps as well as in absorption heat pumps. Chillers The phase-out of ozone depleting refrigerants in new chillers is nearly complete. HCFC- 22 in new, small chillers has been phased out in non-Article 5 countries, but limited use continues in Article 5 countries. However, there is a considerable number of chillers worldwide that use ozone depleting refrigerants, especially CFCs, which will remain in service for years to come. Since the HFCs in use today are considered to have a high GWP, there is global pressure to change to lower GWP refrigerants. Research for alternative refrigerants with lower GWP are nearly over and have yielded several acceptable alternatives. The introduction of products using lower GWP refrigerants has started. Where manufacturers of chillers will change to lower GWP refrigerants, the pace of change is uncertain. Manufacturers are reluctant to change quickly, because product development costs are high and consumer demand is relatively low in most countries. Government regulations and financial incentives today provide little to accelerate change. It is noteworthy that chillers using non-fluorinated refrigerants are available today and are part of the changing mix of commercially available products. Vapour compression technology dominates all chiller products. Absorption chillers are available today, just as they have been for decades. Broader use is limited by cost and comparatively lower efficiency. They can be used effectively where there are favourable utility rates, or in hybrid systems where waste heat or steam is available. It is unlikely that chillers using not-in-kind technologies will be commercialised in the foreseeable future. Chillers are a major user of power and indirect emissions related to energy consumption dominates their environmental impact. Regulators and customers alike are demanding higher performing, reliable chillers, regardless of any refrigerant used. As most chillers 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment Report 3PDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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