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Executive Summaries Refrigerants The Refrigerants chapter discusses and provides tabular summaries for refrigerant designations or identifiers, as well as physical, safety, and environmental data for refrigerants. Refrigerant selection is a balanced result of several factors which include, suitability for the targeted use, availability, cost of the refrigerant and associated equipment and service, energy efficiency rating, safety, ease of use, and environmental issues. There is no single “ideal” refrigerant. Due to the phase-down under the Kigali Amendment, the target refrigerants for main applications will include low GWP refrigerants such as R-717, R-744, hydrocarbons (HCs), unsaturated halochemicals such as hydrofluoroolefins (unsaturated HFCs often referred to as HFOs) and hydrofluorochloroolefins (unsaturated HCFCs, often referred to as HCFOs), and blends of these refrigerants, some even with traditional refrigerant fluids (HFCs, some HCs). Alternatives to high GWP refrigerants exist and new more efficient refrigerants are being proposed which creates a challenge to finding the right refrigerant for each application. Many of the proposed alternatives are seen as intermediate solutions in the HFC phase-down. A system redesign or an update to the system topology will be required for most systems to begin using the newer refrigerants, but in some cases, this update may be as simple as changing the refrigerant and lubricant. As examples, the earlier transition from CFC-12 primarily to HFC-134a required only changes to lubricants and some elastomeric seals, while the shift from HCFC-22 to R-410A required those changes along with extensive compressor, heat exchanger, control, and other modifications. The search is a trade-off between cost, safety, energy efficiency, environmental impacts, and limiting the need for redesign. One aspect of particular importance is that refrigerants with low direct impact on climate change are often flammable and may have higher toxicity. In order to maintain current safety levels, new technologies are being developed and increased levels of training will be needed. Since the publication of the 2014 RTOC Assessment Report, 35 new refrigerants, most of them blends, have received a standard designation and safety classification. Among the 35 new fluids there are five single-compound refrigerants, HCC-1130(E), HFO-1132a, HCFO-1224yd(Z), HFO-1336mzz(E), and HFO-1336mzz(Z). The newly introduced molecules, HCC-1130(E), HCFO-1224yd(Z), HFO-1336mzz(E), and HFO-1336mzz(Z) have relatively high boiling points, making them relevant for high temperature heat pumps and centrifugal chillers. HFO-1132a is a lower toxicity flammable (safety class A2) high pressure fluid, with a boiling point of -86.7 °C; it has the potential to be used in cryogenic applications, as well as a component in new refrigerant blends, for instance those that will replace R-410A. Domestic appliances Under the domestic appliance category, the domestic refrigeration sub-sector is the major component and includes appliances that are broadly used domestically, such as refrigerators, freezers and combined refrigerator/freezer products. Small beverage dispensing machines are also included in domestic refrigeration, but represent only a small fraction of total units. Globally, the movement away from the use of ODS in new refrigerator production was essentially completed by 2008. HC-600a (predominantly) or HFC-134a continues to be the refrigerant options for new production and currently, more than 1 billion domestic refrigerators use HC- 600a. None of the other new refrigerants has matured to become an energy-efficient and cost competitive alternative. Refrigerant migration from HFC-134a to HC-600a is expected to 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment Report 7PDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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