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refrigerant) is a common occurrence. Therefore, both new and existing equipment have to be considered when reviewing the refrigerant candidates for lower GWP. The table below gives a high-level summary of the types of refrigerants available for these applications: High GWP HFC (current) Lower GWP HFC/HFO R744 R717 HC Stand alone DX DX DX --- DX Condensing Unit DX DX DX With HTF DX / with HTF Centralised DX DX/ with HTF DX With HTF With HTF AHRI in the USA has conducted studies comparing lower GWP HFC/HFO refrigerants used as drop-in candidates with little modification to system design and the results have been encouraging. Numerous other conferences and studies have also reported similar findings and for all climatic regions. In the past few years, non-halocarbon refrigerants like R-744 and R-290 systems have become common in global commercial refrigeration. While the adoption of new HFC/HFO blends is growing slowly and gradually, due to availability and to A2L standards and codes development, the growth of R-744 has not been uniform globally; this is due initially to cost and efficiency considerations in high ambient conditions. The growth in use of R-290 has followed a similar path, mainly due to the flammability of the refrigerant, which restricts the amount of refrigerant that can be used. More recently, concerns about the efficiency of these alternate refrigerants have surfaced, but a study of field trials and existing literature on this topic shows that, in general, systems with the lower GWP alternate refrigerants can be as efficient as the high GWP HFC refrigerants they replace. Also, the methods of improving efficiency are not unlike those lower GWP refrigerant options. In summary, several lower GWP refrigerant options have been identified for commercial refrigeration and more options are being announced as research and development continues. As the use of alternates increases globally, their availability, knowledge of use criteria, and the cost of the equipment can all be expected to improve. Refrigerant changes also give an opportunity to experiment with new system architectures that are aimed at reducing the total life cycle cost and climate impact of these equipment. Industrial refrigeration and heat pump systems Industrial refrigeration and heat pump systems are an integrated part of the global food chain from harvest to table. Industrial refrigeration is used for cooling a variety of food from ambient temperature to just above the freezing point of water or well below. Food and beverage (F&B) are important markets for industrial refrigeration, but industrial refrigeration is also used in a range of other industries such as fishing ships, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, airport cooling, and heating systems. The majority of the world’s large industrial systems use R-717 refrigerant. Where R-717 is not acceptable for direct systems, options include R-744 or glycol and brine in secondary systems, or HCFCs, or HFCs in direct systems. In countries where R-717 is not the preferred solution, or in market segments with smaller systems, the transition from HCFC-22 is not always straightforward, since most of the HFC alternatives are blends with a temperature glide. Due to accumulation of the separate components of a refrigerant blend in different parts of the system, blends form a challenge in industrial pumped and two stage systems. In larger systems, conversion to R-290 has been performed successfully e.g., in petrochemical installations where one more system with flammable gas does not raise any questions. It requires acceptance of 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment Report 9PDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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