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higher cost fluorochemicals in similar system types or the adoption of more expensive systems with the cheaper refrigerants R-717 and R-744. This transition is slow and is constrained by a lack of trained personnel and lack of experience of the local end-users. It has been facilitated by corporate policy from multinational food and beverage manufacturers. The process of moving from HCFCs to zero ODP, low GWP alternatives would be accelerated by a concerted education and training program for operators and service technicians including operational experience and lessons learned from existing systems, and following ISO 22712. This conclusion has been reinforced by several fatal accidents that have occurred in recent years. Suitable safety standards already exist such as those published by EN, ASHRAE, and ISO, including ISO 5149. ISO 5149 is also available as regional standards via EN 378 and ASHRAE 15. Once again, employee training on the higher standards is key to ensure safety of the systems in use. In markets where R-717 has been accepted as the preferred refrigerant, there is little to no indication that new refrigerants will gain any significant market share. The market use of the current HFC fluids has been limited due to their high cost and long-term availability. This does not give hope that new refrigerant fluids will be successful because they are expected to have a higher cost. In large district heating systems HFO-1234ze (E) has shown to be a possible replacement for HFC-134a, however higher swept volumes and higher surface areas for the heat exchangers are required and its performance is not significantly better than that of HFC-134a. HFO-1234ze (E)) has also been demonstrated in centrifugal chillers, which could be used in process cooling or in district cooling installations. This may be a key player in addressing the challenge of a rapid market growth in the Gulf Co-operation Countries over the coming years. Large size heat pumps are gaining market acceptance due to increased knowledge of the relevant technology benefits. There are several industrial processes where cooling and heating are needed at the same time, for example the dairy industry. These cases demonstrate how to fully use the potential of cooling and heating capabilities of heat pumps simultaneously. The industrial sectors covered by this chapter are too diverse to facilitate the level of development expenditure required to bring a new fluid to market. It can therefore be stated that if any new development gains market share in industrial systems, it will be a fluid developed for some other purpose, either as a refrigerant in smaller mass-market systems or as a foam-blowing agent, solvent or other speciality chemical. Transport refrigeration Transport refrigeration is a small segment, mainly focused on the delivery of chilled or frozen products. This segment has specific challenges such as; shock, vibration, corrosion and broad operating conditions.: Because of this, the refrigerant selection may be substantially different from other segments. In truck and trailer refrigeration, one a major development since the last assessment has been the introduction of R-452A as the alternative to R-404A. Because R-452A is non-flammable and a simple drop-in, its penetration in Europe has been substantial, whereas Asia and North America are continuing using R-404A. As Europe continues its planned phase-down, significate steps have been taken to ensure long- term solutions have been put into place. The first step has been to transition to R-452A, but due to its GWP of 2000, it will most likely not become a long-term solution. A list of non-flammable blends with GWPs of around 1400 (such as R-448A, R-449A) are being evaluated and could potentially represent a second step of the phase-down. And finally, R-744, HC-290 and other 10 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment ReportPDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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