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a. The proper management of the selected refrigerants in response to growing environmental, regulatory, and economic concerns associated with refrigerant emissions, through: - Charge minimization through simple measures such as checking the amount of refrigerant being charged, or by innovative technologies such as cascade systems and secondary loops; - Improved design for leak tightness; - Care taken during manufacturing, installation, service, and maintenance; - Refrigerant conservation, using commercially available equipment for recovery, recycling and recovery, as well as destruction of refrigerants at the end of life. b. The reduction of CO2 emissions from energy use, achievable through: - Minimum energy efficiency performance standards applied through national regulation; - The use of renewable energy sources; and - Better energy management related to smart grid technologies, waste energy analysis, heat recovery, and anti-cyclical storage. c. The adoption and enforcement of responsible national and regional policies, legal requirements, and voluntary initiatives aiming to reduce refrigerant emissions through ban on venting and other measures. d. Environmentally sound end-of-life procedures in response to the growing demand of national and regional regulations. Not-in-Kind technologies This chapter analyses technologies that do not employ mechanical vapour compression (MVC) technology and further explores those Not-In-Kind (NIK) technologies that offer at least 15% energy savings compared to MVC technology. The chapter compares their attributes and properties. The technologies are classified as follows: : At least one manufacturer produces this technology. Available at more than one manufacturer. : Passed R&D phase and is now established prior to commercial availability. R&D: In research and development phase, not yet established. All NIK technologies can be divided into three types: - Solid state based, - Electro-mechanical based, or - Thermal based. In all, 17 technologies were chosen for evaluation. Thermally based technologies are the ones that are most widely mentioned. Thermally based technologies: nine technologies examined. Commercially available or widely available. Examples are Absorption heat pumps, Adsorption heat pumps, Ejector heat pump, Duplex-Stirling heat pump for cryocooling (low temperature cooling) and Stand-Alone Solid Desiccant AC. Primarily for space cooling and some industrial applications. Four other technologies are in the Emerging or R&D stages. Electro-Mechanical based technologies: five technologies examined. Evaporative Cooling-both direct/indirect, also used in conjunction with other cooling systems to improve efficiency and reduce water consumption, for space cooling primarily. Bryton cycle Heat Pump for aircraft AC systems, liquefaction of natural gas and for freezing tunnels. Three other technologies are in the R&D stage. Commercially Available Widely Commercially Available: Emerging 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment Report 15PDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
Heat Pumps CO2 ORC Heat Pump System Platform More Info
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