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1 Introduction 1.1 The Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pump Sector - General Remarks Refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump applications represent the largest part of the ODS and replacement substances used; it is also one of the most important energy using sectors in the present-day society. Estimates are difficult to give but according to the IIR (2015) the refrigeration and air conditioning sector consumes about 17% of the overall electricity used worldwide. The IIR also estimates that the total number of refrigeration, air-conditioning and heat pump systems in operation worldwide amounts to roughly 3 billion. Global annual sales of such equipment is at a level of about 300 billion USD. Almost 12 million people are employed worldwide in this sector. The economic impact of refrigeration technology is much more significant than generally believed. This is one of the reasons that the economic impacts of the phase-out of refrigerants such as CFCs in the past and HCFCs in Article 5 countries, as well as the phase-down of high GWP (HFC) refrigerants in the foreseeable future, have been and still are difficult to estimate. Refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat pump applications (RACHP) vary enormously in size and temperature level. A domestic refrigerator has an electrical input in the range of 50-250 W and contains in the range of 30 to 150 g of refrigerant (dependent on the type of refrigerant and the size of the appliance), whereas industrial refrigeration and cold storage is characterised by temperatures between -10°C and -40°C, with electrical inputs of up to several MW and refrigerant contents of many hundreds of kilograms. Air conditioning and heat pumps often show higher evaporation temperatures, significantly different from refrigeration applications, and also vary enormously in energy input, capacity and size. In principle one can therefore discriminate between four main areas each of which have subsectors: (i) the food chain in all its aspects, from cold storage via transport to commercial and domestic refrigeration, (ii) process air conditioning and refrigeration, (iii) comfort air conditioning, from unitary equipment to centralised systems using water chillers, including heat pumps, and (iv) mobile air conditioning, with very specific, different aspects. Due to the wide types of equipment used in those areas, this report assesses the RACHP sector in a large number of separate chapters and sections. In all applications, or sub-sectors, as described in the separate chapters in this report, the attention is focused on the vapour compression cycle. Options and aspects for this technology are described, since it is unlikely that during the next 10-20 years (or, rather, in the near future) other technologies will take over a substantial part of the market. Vapour compression cycle technology has so far provided the simplest, economic, efficient and reliable way for refrigeration. Nonetheless, in a specific chapter this report also provides information about non-vapour compression cycle technologies, called “Not-In-Kind”, which have become commercially available for certain applications, but are mostly in the research or the development stage. The process of selecting a refrigerant to provide the optimum operation for a specific design of a vapour compression cycle is rather complex, since a large number of parameters need to be investigated, including: - environmental parameters such as ODP, GWP and atmospheric lifetime; - thermodynamic and transport properties; - pressure and temperature ranges; - operation pressure and pressure ratios; - compressor requirements; 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment Report 21PDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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