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be larger (IPCC, 2014). This is one reason why care must be taken when comparing the GWP of refrigerants. For substances with very low GWP the picture is complicated further since, for historical reasons, GWPs for hydrocarbons are indirect GWPs, which include breakdown products such as CO2, as opposed to the GWPs for HCFCs, HFCs etc., which do not cover breakdown products. Table 2-1: Classification of 100 year GWP levels 100 Year GWP < 30 < 100 < 300 300-1000 > 1000 > 3000 > 10000 Classification Ultra-low or Negligible Very low Low Medium High Very high Ultra-high Comparing carbon emissions associated with the use of refrigerants should be done with caution so as to also include a comparison of energy efficiency of the refrigerant in the given application. Emissions from energy production may have a greater climate impact than the refrigerant emissions only. Further discussion can be found in chapter 11. 2.2.3 Selection of refrigerant There are several factors that should be considered when selecting an alternative refrigerant for refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump systems and applications. The chosen solution will be a trade-off between several factors including: Suitability for the targeted use; Performance (capacity and efficiency); Safety, including flammability and toxicity, and available risk mitigation measures; Availability of the refrigerant; Zero or near-zero ODP; Climate change impact (reduced direct and indirect — energy-related — emissions); Other environmental impacts, including bi-products from the production; Commercial availability of refrigerant (with reasonable cost); Equipment and servicing cost; Skills and technology required to use; Recyclability; Stability and materials compatibility. The selection of a refrigerant for a given application must necessarily be a compromise of the above criteria. Other than zero or near-zero ODP, the rest of the parameters will to be traded-off against one another to arrive at the optimum for each type of system and application. In particular, the carbon emissions include both the “direct” and “indirect” emission contributions of the product over its lifetime. 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment Report 41PDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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