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The high boiling points make the new fluids good candidates for high temperature heat pumps, for example for hot water for district and service water heating use (typically +80°C) from waste heat. The low evaporation pressure of the fluids also makes them candidates for turbo-radial (centrifugal) and hybrid turbo compressor. There is also a continued interest in ammonia and hydrocarbons including hydrocarbon blends for these kinds of application. 2.3.4 Fluoroiodocarbon, CF3I Trifluoroiodomethane, CF3I, is a fluoroiodocarbon which has been considered several times over the couple of decades (Nimitz et al, 1994; Meycr, 1999; Youn et al, 2010). It is currently being used by the industry as a fire suppressant (Meycr, 1999), and has potential to be used as a component of refrigerant mixtures to produce low flammability refrigerants with significant low GWP. There has been concerns about the stability of CF3I, and there is ongoing researched on this topic. CF3I has an atmospheric lifetime of 5 days (WMO, 2014). Due to the very short atmospheric lifetime, CF3I has 100-year GWP of 0.4 (IPCC, 2007), and an ODP of 0.008 (WMO, 2014; Youn et al 2010). The very short lifetime is also the reason that the ODP varies significantly, depending on when and where it is emitted to the atmosphere (WMO, 2014), see Table 2-7. This variation calls for more research on which factors affects the ODP. Table 2-7: ODP values from (WMO, 2014). Values in brackets show seasonal variability. North America 0.0068 [0.0022 – 0.0120] Europe 0.0034 [0.0013 – 0.0061] East Asia 0.0120 [0.0020–0.0310] Indian Subcontinent 0.0940 [0.0290–0.1900] The occupational exposure limit (OEL) of CF3I has been assigned by the (OARS, 2018) to be 500 ppm. The EU CLP regulation classifies the substance H341 “Suspected of causing genetic defects” (EU CLP, 2008). 2.3.5 Developments of R-744 (carbon dioxide) systems R-744 (CO2) was used as a working fluid in refrigeration systems since the late 19th century. It disappeared from marine applications in the 1950’s mainly due to technical difficulties and the introduction of synthetic working fluids, operating at lower working pressures. These technical difficulties have been solved and there is a wide range of applications where R-744 is the preferred working fluid (deep freezing applications, commercial refrigeration, hot water heat pumps, mobile AC and heat pumps, etc.). The use of R-744 has until recently been limited to areas with medium to low ambient climate, however the use of ejector technologies have made R-744 useable for refrigeration in high ambient temperature climates (Blust, 2018). There is a strong growth in R-744 use driven by legislation, especially the EU F-gas regulation (517/2014). 46 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment ReportPDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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