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refrigerant: 1 (no flame propagation at stipulated conditions), 2L (lower flammability), 2 (flammable), and 3 (higher flammability). As mentioned above, there often is a trade-off between GWP and flammability. A low GWP can be achieved by having the refrigerant break down quickly in the atmosphere, however this also means that the refrigerant breaks down easier when subjected to ignition sources. For many applications, flammability considerations were avoidable prior to phase downs for GWP. Although safety standards are not mandatory in most countries, unless explicitly adopted by regulation, they are one source where the industry looks for guidance for handling the flammability. For instance, ISO 5149 (ISO 5149:2014) Part 1 specifies limits to charge amount depending on safety class, system type, system location, and accessibility by people unaccustomed with the safety procedures relating to the system. Legislation will also have an influence, for instance national, state or even local legislation and building codes. The requirements for flammable refrigerants are very similar across the different flammability classes, the different flammability properties result in different risks (probabilities) and consequences; therefore, varying refrigerant charges and thereby system designs for each refrigerant. Further discussion can be found in the Task Force XXVIII/4 report (UNEP, 2017). An overview from this report of the scope of different international standards is in Table 2-8. It is still not clear which classes of flammability will be accepted for each application and for the capacities required. The acceptance of flammable refrigerants and the appropriate updates of standards and legislation is clearly a contemporary challenge for the refrigeration air conditioning, and heat-pump industry. Table 2-8: Scope of different international and regional safety standards for R/ACHP systems from the TF XXVIII/4 report (UNEP, 2017) ISO ISO ISO 5149 5149 5149 -2 -3 -4 XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX X3 XXX 1 ISO 13043 only covers R134a, R744 and R1234yf, so all other alternative refrigerants are out of scope. 2 ISO 20854 Thermal containers — Safety standard for refrigerating systems using flammable refrigerants – Recommendations Requirements for design and operation is under preparation. 3 ISO 5149-1 and ISO 5149-2 specifically exclude mobile air conditioning (MAC) systems from its scope, and ISO 5149-3 is not applicable to MAC. Product safety standards Group safety standard Sector IEC 60335 -2-11 IEC 60335 -2-24 IEC 60335 -2-40 IEC 60335 -2-89 ISO 130431 ISO 20854 2 ISO 5149 -1 Domestic refrigeration Commercial refrigeration X X Industrial systems X X X Transport refrigeration Air-to-air air conditioners & heat pumps Chillers Vehicle air conditioning X X X Water heating heat pumps X X Heat pump tumble driers X X X X Refrigerated containers X X X 50 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment ReportPDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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