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3. Domestic appliances 3.1 Introduction Under the domestic appliance category, the domestic refrigeration is a major sub-category and comprises appliances that are broadly used domestically, such as refrigerators, freezers and combined refrigerator/freezer products. Small beverage dispensing machines are similar products and are also commonly included in domestic refrigeration, but represent a small fraction of total units. For domestic wine coolers the same considerations as for domestic refrigerators apply. The other domestic appliance covered in this chapter is the heat pump clothes (laundry) dryer (HPCD), which is emerging in the market as an energy efficient alternative to the tumble dryers with electric heaters. Domestic dehumidifiers have not been considered in this chapter. It is estimated that approximately 170 million domestic refrigerators and freezers are produced annually. Long product life and large annual production volume combine for an estimated 2.0 to 2.3 billion units inventory, globally installed. IIR (2015) estimated that domestic refrigerators and freezers consume almost 4% of global electricity. Globally, energy efficiencies of refrigerators have been increasing constantly, as evident from the evolution of the energy labels in many countries. For example, the energy consumption of typical household refrigerators has dropped by around 65% in the last 15 years (VHK, 2016). The vast majority are used for food storage in residential dwellings, with a significant minority used in offices for domestic purposes and small businesses for commercial purposes. Typical storage volumes range from 20 to 850 litres. Various fundamental design approaches and consumer convenience features are included within the product offerings. A typical product contains a factory-assembled, hermetically sealed, vapour-compression refrigeration system employing a 50 to 250 W motor and containing 20 to 250 g of refrigerant. Some topics discussed below have been covered in earlier reports of this committee. They are briefly included here to provide a more comprehensive perspective. The other domestic appliance covered in this chapter is the heat pump clothes (laundry) dryer (HPCD), which is emerging in the market as an energy efficient alternative to the electric heater dryer. The market for HPCD has been fast growing in the EU and has been introduced in the US and other parts of the world. There are manufacturers from EU, Japan, Australia and China. In North America, over six million clothes dryers are sold each year, with close to 100 million clothes dryers in operation and have reached 80% market saturation. These dryers are vented conventional tumble dryers. In a typical conventional tumble dryer, electrical heaters consume about 600 – 1,000 kWh per year and is one of the largest energy-consuming domestic appliances in North America. HPCDs consume only 40-50% of energy of North American conventional dryers. The market share in Europe of HPCDs has increased to over 50 % of approximately 5 million shipments. Switzerland, with their minimum energy efficiency performance standard, effectively allows only HPCDs to be sold in that country. Some EU manufacturers have ceased their development of tumble dryers with electrical heaters. Therefore, it is projected that in EU, HPCDs would continue to gain market share in the next few years. Costs of heat pump driers have reduced substantially. These HPCDs mostly use HFC-134a as the refrigerant, and charge amounts vary from 200 to 400 g. The continued use of HFC-134a is under discussion in several global regions. HPCDs using HC-290 have been just introduced. The Super Efficient Dryer Initiative was formed in the US based on the European experience to replicate the European success. An American study has concluded that HPCDs have positive 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment Report 65PDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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