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fridge/freezers exhibited a higher degree of fire spread than other types of appliance (washing machine, dishwasher or tumble dryer). A number of common failure modes for ignition in domestic refrigeration fires identified were: (i) starter relays; (ii) PTC switches; (iii) mechanical defrost switches; and (iv) capacitor failures. Following design measures could be used by manufacturers to reduce the likelihood and severity of fridge/freezer fires. All of the following are addressed in the new UL harmonised version of 60335-2-24 with the exception of the fire retardant in the foam: • Use of high quality standard components (e.g. capacitors) • Contain potential ignition sources in metal boxes • Use metal drip trays • Use fire retardant added to insulation foam or applied to insulation surfaces • Fit a non-combustible or fire retardant covering at the back of the appliances 3.2.2 Conversion of HFC-134a domestic refrigerators to low GWP alternatives Current industry dynamics include increasing migration from HFC-134a to lower GWP alternatives. Commercial conversion to date is restricted to HC-600a. European production of no- frost side by side refrigerators began conversion from HFC-134a to HC-600a in the early 2000’s. Initial conversions of automatic defrost refrigerators in Japan from HFC-134a to HC-600a were discussed in the 2006 report of this committee (UNEP, 2006). Such conversions were motivated by global warming considerations, has progressed to include more than 90% of refrigerator production in Japan. The North American appliance market is still dominated by HFC-134a, while the conversion to HC continues in the rest of the world. Several factors are uniquely weighted in the North American market that has caused this delay including: • litigation costs • increased intensity by the Consumer Product Safety Commission • product cost differential for additional safety features • investment cost associated with serviceability of a refrigerant. In the EU, the producers follow the EU Directive 2001/95/EC on general product safety. North American manufacturers have opted to develop additional safety requirements in addition to third party standards prior to introduction of HC-600a to appliances. Whilst legal concerns have so far limited the use of HC-600a in USA, a major U.S. manufacturer introduced an auto-defrost refrigerator using HC-600a refrigerant to the U.S. market already in 2010. US EPA has recently approved 150 g of HC-600a as acceptable alternative under their Significant New Alternatives Policy Program (SNAP) for household and small commercial refrigerators and freezers, subject to certain conditions. Additionally, UL250 has been harmonised with IEC 60335-2-24. With these developments, AHAM (2015) has volunteered to phase out HFC-134a in domestic refrigerators and freezers by 2024 with HC-600a as the leading alternative. Since the previous report, significant progress has been made with the market introduction of freezers and small refrigerators in the USA. using HC-600a These products tend to be non- serviceable systems (as they include a second barrier to refrigerant leakage such as plastic liner). The required service infrastructure for HC-600a is being developed. Concurrently, HC-based refrigerator models offered by manufacturers based in Central and South America are increasing as well. 68 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment ReportPDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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