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The refrigerant choice used to be R-404A. Since 2007, hydrocarbon display-cases using HC-290 have been proposed as a standard option in Europe and gaining acceptance elsewhere, with an energy efficiency gain of approximately10% compared to R-404A (a better low temperature refrigerant than a medium temperature one from an efficiency point of view). R-744 and even HFC-134a systems for display cases have also been introduced by several key suppliers. Low- GWP HFC/HFO blends are also being tested and can be expected to be more commonplace once the results are proven positive. Summary for stand-alone equipment The preliminary conclusions that can be drawn for stand-alone equipment are as follows: HFC-134a and R-404A will be phased down progressively in non-Article 5 countries. Due to multinational companies this phase-down is also beginning in Article 5 countries. There are several low-GWP refrigerant options such as hydrocarbons, R-744 and new low-GWP HFO based blends that can be used depending on commercial availability. Revision of safety standards is under way to increase the charge limit of flammable refrigerants which may allow larger quantities in stand-alone equipment. Addition of glass doors and LED lighting to display cases can reduce the refrigeration load thus enabling the use of flammable refrigerants for these display cabinets within the allowable charge limits and/or reduce the refrigerant charge in general. Minimum energy standards have been issued or updated in the last years in Europe, North America, and in many countries, making a new competition between manufacturers in order to reach higher energy efficiency stand-alone systems; the CLASP report (Waide, 2014) estimates the possible improvements for the different stand-alone equipment types between 30 and 40% compared to the current average energy consumption. Ecodesign measures, taking into account all impacts during the life cycle of the product (see Chapter 11) will be soon issued for commercial refrigeration in Europe, energy consumption being the main criterion to be addressed in order to lower significantly the environmental impact of those equipment. In addition, energy labelling schemes are being developed for certain types of commercial appliances. In parallel, the amended F-gas regulation has affected refrigerant choices in these equipment by setting quotas which has increased the price level of high GWP gases. 4.3.2 Condensing unit systems Condensing units comprise one or several compressors, an air-cooled condenser (usually), a receiver, and a liquid line to be connected to the refrigeration circuit. Condensing units are designed for several capacities and are standardised equipment. They are commonly used in commercial refrigeration worldwide, especially in developing countries. The design is often a basic vapour compression cycle and the usual refrigerant is HCFC-22 in Article 5 countries, HFC-134a, R-404A and, to a lesser extent, R-410A in non-Article 5 countries. Lower GWP HFC and HFC/HFO blends For HCFC-22 and R-404A replacement, a number of “intermediate” refrigerant blends are proposed, such as R-407A, R-407F, R-407H, R-448A, R-449A, R-449B, R-452A and many others, including some that have not yet received their ASHRAE number. Their GWPs range from about 1000 to 1700. They are designed to replace HCFC-22 or R-404A and are used either as retrofit refrigerants or in new equipment. Many of them exhibit temperature glide from 4 to 7 K which requires special attention for the selection and operation of components. A new set of low-GWP R-404A and HCFC-22 replacement refrigerant blends is also being introduced with GWPs ranging from less than 150 to 300, such as R-454C, R-455A and R-457A. Some have been tested and results are available in the public domain (Schultz, 2013) showing a 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment Report 81PDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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