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5 Industrial refrigeration and heat pump systems 5.1 Introduction The industrial sector has not changed significantly since the publication of the last, 2014 RTOC Assessment Report (UNEP, 2015). One has seen other trends that can seem marginal to outsiders but is a big deal in the industry. Low charge is one of these trends and the introduction of cascade systems and CO2 trans-critical systems enforces the penetration of CO2 in industrial systems. Ammonia continues to be the preferred solution in many of the food and beverage industries, large industrial systems in most markets and new refrigerants have not gained any significant market share in this period. This can have many reasons and any guess can be as valid as the other. The new A2L refrigerants require the same attention to the design of the machine room as an ammonia plant. However, for large industrial process companies energy is of paramount importance. R-717 is a very efficient solution in most applications. Many industrial systems have also been built using HCFC-22 and later R-404A/R-507A. In Europe many such installations were converted, due to the 2006 F-gas regulation, to the availability of other solutions such as R-422A, R-407C and others (see Table 5-1). Some of these solutions have GWP over 2500 and will be affected by the F-gas regulation of 2014. Some customers do not want to use R-717 under any circumstance. Table 5-1: In Europe, refrigerants and blends with a GWP over 2500 are regulated by the F- gas regulation (EU, 517/2014). The refrigerants most used with these high GWPs are R-404A and R-507A, but also other blends fall in under the same category. There have been several major accidents involving R-717 especially in Article 5 countries resulting in multiple fatalities (Shanghai, 2013). These events have emphasised the need for system design to conform to recognised safety standards, as these levels of fatality are unprecedented in traditional market sectors using ammonia. Adherence to the standards might have helped reduce severity but not avoided entirely the accidents. A higher awareness and education level would have prevented some of these accidents. Industrial systems can encompass systems such as ice rinks, large cold stores, freezing tunnels, ice production, and many other applications. Industrial systems are characterised primarily by the size of the equipment (physical size and heat transfer capability) and the temperature range covered by the sector. This chapter includes discussion on industrial heat pumps (heating systems similar in scale and application to industrial refrigeration systems) and industrial air-conditioning (systems for controlling air temperature in production factories, computer centres and other process areas). In addition to size of installation the distinguishing traits of industrial refrigeration systems are that the load is not primarily seasonal and the operation of the facility would be jeopardised by failure of the cooling equipment. Such systems have special design requirements, including the need for uninterrupted service, which are not typically provided by traditional HVAC practices (ASHRAE, 2009). Large chillers used for air cooling in offices, hotels, convention centres, computer centres and similar 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment Report 97PDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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