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Under others, one finds markets like district heating or other types of space heating e.g. multi apartment houses, hospitals, shopping malls, office buildings etc. Fig. 5-1: The 2016 market share for industrial heat pumps by type of end-user In some markets the focus on large heat pumps in industrial applications has been declining, Averfalk (Averfalk, 2017), shows how the annual heat generated by large-scale heat pumps in district heating grew from 1982 to 1986 from where it was very stable until 2003. Since then it has been falling steadily. Werner (2017) estimates that, globally, there are about 80,000 district heating systems, of which 6,000 in Europe. One of the benefits of district heating is that when the world market price for energy goes up district heating can keep the heating price down. But the challenge is the increasing amount of wind energy and how to get this worked into the grid. Here thermal storage can be an advantage for heat pumps. At the same time Gadd and Werner (Gadd, 214) report that the return and supply temperatures are becoming lower in the systems. This is also a benefit for heat pumps. Lund (2017) compares traditional district heating systems with new low temperature district heating systems (4th generation district heating). The supply temperature should be reduced to about 55°C, it says in the conclusion, and then heat should be provided locally, if necessary. David (David, 2017) has a list of installations. From this list one can take that the number of heat pumps based on HFC-134a outnumbers the alternatives based on R-717 or R-744. One of the reasons for this is that heat pumps with temperatures up to 80°C can be provided with capacities up to about 20 MW on one unit only. The survey includes a supplementary material with data for 149 heat pumps yielding a total capacity of 1580 MW where the average HFC-134a units have a capacity of 6 MW. HFC-134a has a GWP of 1430 and is therefore an unwanted substance in Switzerland and Denmark where their use is restricted or banned and highly taxed in others such as Spain, Norway, Sweden and France. The difference between industrial and semi-hermetic compressors is that the industrial compressor is based on open-type compressors and the semi-hermetic compressors are using suction gas cooled motors. This internally cooled motor limits how high the suction gas temperature can be where the open type is less sensitive. This limits the efficiency for the semi- hermetic compressor when the suction gas has to be precooled before heated. 102 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment ReportPDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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