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the timeframe. This was done in Ireland, and greatly improved the effectiveness of the restriction on virgin HCFC-22. 5.6 Education and training Many accidents, near miss and dangerous situations could have been prevented by following current standards, industry guidelines and codes of good practice. It has been noted how some bad accidents in China in 2013 led the politicians to regulate on the basis of accidents caused by ill-informed or badly trained engineers and technicians. The introduction of new low GWP refrigerants will require more education and training. It is a misconception to think that one can work with any refrigeration system without any education and training, but it is also a misconception if one would assume that any engineer would be able to work with the design of an industrial refrigeration plant. Many engineering schools and universities do a lot of good research and work with new technologies, but this rarely includes training in current standards and regulations for the use of different types of refrigerants. KTH in Stockholm started a web-site “Refrigerants with low GWP” in 2012 (KTH refrigerants, 2012). Here one can find a collection of information useful for an everyday look-up. But if one would be searching information about the practical use of refrigerants and standards this is more difficult to find. There is information about the European F-gas regulation etc. but when it comes to EN-378 and ATEX it is not easy to find adequate information. However, it should be part of the engineers’ education when they specialise in this field. In some countries there exists an apprentice system where the candidate through his/her apprenticeship comes to learn about regulations with which they have to comply. It is only in rare cases that they learn about standards and how to use them efficiently. The next issue here is the cost of getting access to the standards; the price is a major barrier. On industrial refrigeration and heat pump systems education and training is a prerequisite for a safe and efficient use of the system. One has to have an understanding of the process and what is ongoing in the system and what the function of the valves and components are. An understanding of safety is a must and also how to provide first aide in case of accidents. The better understanding and the better trained engineers will be, the more likely it is that one can confront critical situations without making mistakes. 5.7 Conclusions The majority of large industrial systems in certain sectors world-wide use R-717 as the refrigerant and other sectors are using fluorinated refrigerants and blends. Where R-717 is not acceptable in direct systems, options include R-744 or glycol in secondary systems or HCFCs or HFCs in direct systems. For outdoor installations, HC refrigerants are used for the cooling of either a cascade system or a secondary refrigerant. Especially R-290 has gained a certain market-share around the world. In countries where R-717 has not been the preferred solution, or in market segments with smaller systems, the transition from HCFC-22 is not straightforward. It requires acceptance of higher cost fluorocarbons in similar system types, or the adoption of more expensive systems with the cheaper refrigerants R-717 and R-744. This transition is slow and is constrained by lack of trained personnel and lack of experience of local end-users. It has been facilitated by corporate policy from multinational food and beverage manufacturers exemplified by the policy statement from the Consumer Goods Forum (Anon, 2010). 114 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment ReportPDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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