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The paper summarised that the biggest challenge for R-744 is efficiency, whilst for HC-290 it is safety. Both challenges require investment: for R-744 optimisation of processes and components, for HC-290 flammability mitigation. A similar conclusion was recently reported by Steddin et al. (2017). Three different approaches are followed to reduce the environmental impact associated with the indirect effect: 1. Improve the application (example: better trailer or container insulation) in order to reduce cooling demand; 2. Optimize the system and introduce technology improvements in order to meet the cooling demand with the least amount of energy consumption (example: enhanced heat exchange surfaces); 3. Use a cleaner energy source. Figure 6-1: LCCP evaluation by refrigerant GWP and type for climate zone in the US (Finckh et al., 2016). According to the authors, the 2000 GWP, 500 GWP, and 150 GWP refrigerants are “fictional” refrigerants assuming the same efficiency (indirect emissions) as R-404A for comparison purposes. Regarding the application, one area of research and development is a significantly improved insulation via composite material. Some trailer manufacturers have offered prototypes and solutions available in limited quantities that offer insulation 25% better than traditional trailers. These solutions also offer a weight advantage, leading to a secondary benefit (reduced tractor fuel demand). Another path manufacturers and users are following to reduce energy demand is with improved control algorithms. Some manufacturers, for instance, offer solutions that widen the control temperature range depending on the type of load being carried, reducing cooling demand. Also, remote monitoring solutions are more and more common: the mode of operation of the container or trailer is monitored remotely, and changes are recommended to always use the system in an optimised mode. Numerous technologies are being introduced to improve system efficiency. Most manufacturers have transitioned to enhanced tube and fin heat exchangers, and some manufacturers have 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment Report 125PDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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