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charge-optimised single split air conditioner and under “normal” and high ambient test conditions. Compared to HCFC-22, R-454A gave a 12% drop in COP and 3% lower capacity under “normal” conditions and COP was reduced by 11% and 3% lower capacity at hot and extreme temperature conditions. R-454B In VRF systems, R-454B was found to have about 5% lower cooling capacity (expressed in terms of compressor speed) and 2% higher cooling COP, compared to R-410A and in heating mode, performance was reduced by 5% and 8%, respectively. Taking partial loads into account, it was determined to give an APF of 1% more than R-410A (Naito et al., 2016). Hughes (2016) also compared R-454B with R-410A in VRF type systems, for which measurements showed cooling capacity to be within ±2% across a range of standard conditions, whilst COP of R-454B was up to about 5% higher than R-410A. Wang and Amrane (2016) present results from a number of reports carried out under the phase II of AHRI Low-GWP AREP programme. Four “soft optimised” units were tested with R-454B, where three matched the COP of R-410A but with about 5% lower capacity, whilst another achieved the same capacity as R-410A but with 5% better COP. Under high ambient conditions, all units produced a higher COP than R-410A, ranging from 1% to 7% and with three units having a capacity between 1% and 3% below R- 410A and one with 3% greater capacity. R-459A Wang and Amrane (2016) present results from a number of reports carried out under the phase II of the AHRI Low-GWP AREP programme. Two “soft optimised” units were tested with R-459A, where both gave the same 8% reduced capacity whilst one matched the COP of R-410A and the other was about 4% higher. When tested at “high ambient” conditions, both units showed a notable improvement in performance, providing COP at 7% and 12% above R-410A and COP within -3% and +3%, respectively. 7.3.11 Energy efficiency considerations Energy efficiency and power consumption is of course an important consideration for all RACHP equipment. Given that air conditioning though is so prevalent across many of the most populous countries and is anticipated to continue to grow substantially across many of the A 5 countries as affluence and global temperatures rise, it will increase national electricity demand accordingly. For instance, Davis and Gertler (2015) estimate that the fraction of households with air conditioning will increase from 13% to more than 70% by 2100 corresponding to around 83% increase in residential electricity consumption. Air conditioning use coincides with peak electricity demand and is a main driver for peak power plant use in many countries. Such significant demand on national power supplies would have serious implications on reliability of supply and CO2 emissions. Recognition of this scenario has led most countries to implement some form of mandatory or voluntary minimum efficiency and/or labelling rules. Smaller air conditioners (such as those used for residential applications) are more widely regulated than larger systems. These measures include single-point efficiencies and seasonal efficiencies, although more recently there is a tendency to adopt the latter. Across various countries minimum seasonal COPs range from about 3 to 6 and are continually being raised. Theoretically system efficiency can far exceed these minimum values, but ultimately the choice of minimum efficiency values represents a balance between capital cost of systems, life cycle costs, electricity supply costs and environmental benefit. 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment Report 145PDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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