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410A, HC-290 and HFC-32 are used in regions with high ambient temperatures. HC-290 is being used in split systems, window and portable air conditioners and recently in small ducted systems. HFC-32 is being used in split systems and is planned for larger ducted and multi-split systems. R- 744 is available in some moderate (MAT) and low ambient temperature (LAT9) regions. These various alternatives highlighted have also been found to achieve performance approaching, as good as or better than HCFC-22. In cooler climates, R-744 is available for commercial sized systems and the technology is further being explored. R-410A is increasingly becoming considered unacceptable because its high GWP and so investigations into medium and low GWP alternatives are continuing. There are a large number of new mixtures being considered for air conditioning systems primarily consisting of HFCs and unsaturated HFCs, such as R-444B, R R-447B, R-452B, R-454A, R-454B and R- 459A. Although there is concern over the use of R-410A in high ambient temperatures, appropriate design measures can be used to help remedy the relatively greater degradation in performance; nevertheless, work is underway to investigate this refrigerant and others further. Whilst the forthcoming choice of refrigerants for this sector, sub-sectors and regions remains unclear, the underlying rationale for change is clearly lower GWP refrigerants and thereafter ensuring that products achieve the necessary efficiency. It is likely that different manufacturers and countries will opt for a variety of alternatives before any single option is chosen (if at all). In the meantime, investigations will continue into medium GWP flammable HFCs, HFC/unsaturated HFC blends and HCs for normal operating conditions as well as high ambient. 7.6 References Abdelaziz, O., Shrestha, S., Munk, J., Linkous, R., Goetzler, W., Guernsey, M., Kassuga, T. 2015. Alternative Refrigerant Evaluation for High-Ambient-Temperature Environments: R-22 and R-410A Alternatives for Mini-Split Air Conditioners. ORNL/TM-2015/536. Alabdulkarem, A., Eldeeb, R., Hwang, Y., Aute, V., Radermacher, R. 2015. Testing, simulation and soft-optimization of R-410A low-GWP alternatives in heat pump system. Int. J. Refrig. Vol. 60, pp. 106–117 Calabrese, N., Mastrullo, R., Mauro, A. W., Rovella, P., Tammaro, M. 2015. Performance analysis of a rooftop, air-to-air heat pump working with CO2. Applied Thermal Eng., Vol. 75, pp. 1046-1054 Colbourne, D., Suen, K. O. 2015. Comparative evaluation of risk of a split air conditioner and refrigerator using hydrocarbon refrigerants. Int. J. Refrig., Vol. 59, pp. 295-303 Colbourne, D., Hühren, R., Rajadhyaksha, D., De Souza, L., Sahu, A., 2013. Refrigerant leakage control for R-290 in split type refrigeration and air conditioning systems. Proc. IIF-IIR, Compressors 2013: 8th International Conference on Compressors and Coolants, Papiernicka, Slovakia. Colbourne, D., Suen, K. O., 2004. Appraising the Flammability Hazards of Hydrocarbon Refrigerants using Quantitative Risk Assessment Model. Part II: Model evaluation and analysis. Int. J. Refrig., Vol. 27, 784 – 793. Dang, C. B., Higashi, T., Hihara, E. Diesel Combustion of Oil and Refrigerant Mixture during Pump Down of Air Conditioners. Proc. ICR 2015 Workshop on Risk Assessment of Flammable Refrigerants. August, 2015, Japan. 9 A low ambient temperature (LAT) country is one that would have an incidence of at least two months per year over 10 consecutive years of a peak monthly average ambient temperature below 20°C (MAT is between LAT and HAT.) 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment Report 149PDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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