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applications. In Europe, some heat pump manufacturers have one or more water and space heating heat pumps in their product range, using HC-290 as a refrigerant. The efficiency of HC-290 and HC-1270 in water and space heating heat pumps is known to be good (Palm, 2008), and the direct cost of the refrigerant is favourable. Based on the HC refrigerant properties, the equipment cost is comparable to HCFC-22 equipment cost, where mitigation devices for safety are supposed to add certain costs. The main barriers are related to the safety. For systems with parts located in occupied spaces, the allowable charge quantity is limited, whereas for systems located outside, there are no major restrictions. Recent development work is being done on charge minimization in order to increase capacity for a given charge of the system (Andersson, 2018). The necessity to ensure that technicians are appropriately trained to handle hydrocarbon flammability is a main barrier. For equipment manufacturers, the liability aspects, combined with costs for safety measures, are the main barriers to extend the use of hydrocarbons. 8.3.6 R-717 (ammonia) R-717 is mainly used for large capacity systems. It has also been used in a small number of reversible water and space heating heat pumps including sorption systems. It is not expected to be used in small capacity water and space heating heat pumps. The energy efficiency of R-717 when applied in water and space heating heat pumps is known to be very good. The main restrictions are related to safety aspects (see Annex to Chapter 2) during the life cycle of the equipment and the minimal capacity required for cost-effectiveness and certain national regulations controlling installation, even though it has been shown that small capacity water and space heating heat pump systems can be designed to operate with very low charge of ammonia (100 g of ammonia for 9 kW heating capacity (Palm, 2008)). The main obstacle for the commercialization of small capacity water and space heating heat pump systems is the limited supply of components. Hermetic and semi-hermetic compressors are available for medium and larger size water and space heating heat pumps. In this context, it can be mentioned that a scroll compressor for an ammonia unit has been presented several years ago (Kawamura, 2009); based on that compressor type, a 15 kW input (Plus+HEAT) unit for water and space heating is now commercially available in Japan. 8.3.7 Overview Table 8-3 gives an overview of the emerging refrigerants next to the refrigerants presently in use. Both categories are commercially available. The refrigerants used at present have matured in the market; emerging refrigerants are refrigerants that are currently used in certain full product ranges and that show clear potential for growth in the coming years. 162 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment ReportPDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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