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refrigerant selection. Zeotropic refrigerants that are blends (e.g. R-407C) with high temperature glide can fractionate in the evaporator and condenser, creating significant performance issues (see Section 9.3.2) (ASHRAE Terminology). Accordingly refrigerants with high temperature glide cannot be used in flooded or falling film evaporators, the types used for larger chillers.(Technical Information ART 41, Du Pont) Water cooled chillers use shell and tube heat exchangers, or brazed plate heat exchangers (in smaller chillers) as condensers. The condenser rejects heat to a cooling tower, evaporative condenser or dry cooler. Air cooled chillers employ finned tube or micro-channel coils and fans to reject heat directly to the ambient air. 9.2.2 Chiller capacity ranges Table 9-1 lists the cooling capacity range offered by single packaged units of each type of chiller. Within the product categories, higher capacity is typically achieved by adding multiple compressors and additional heat exchanger surface within the packaged product, as may be noted in Figures 9-1 and 9-2. For large cooling loads, it is common to use multiple chillers as can be seen in Figure 9-3. Table 9-1: Chiller capacity ranges Chiller Type Screw water-cooled Centrifugal air-cooled Approximate Capacity Range (kW) 100 – 3,800 200 – 1,600 Dominant Refrigerants Presently Used HFC-134a, HCFC-22, Less common R-717 HFC-134a Scroll, rotary, and reciprocating water-cooled 10 - 1,200 R-410A, HCFC-22, R-407C, Less common HC-290, R-717, R-744 Screw, scroll, rotary, and reciprocating air-cooled 10 – 1,900 HFC-134a, R-410A, HCFC-22, R-407C, Less common HC-290 Centrifugal or axial-turbo water- cooled 200 - 21,000 HFC-134a, HCFC-123, Less common HFC-245fa, R-718 9.3 Refrigerant options for new equipment 9.3.1 Emerging low-GWP refrigerants The 2014 RTOC Assessment Report gave a complete discussion of the trade-offs and research efforts associated with use of lower GWP refrigerants. At that time, there were a number of leading low GWP candidates, but none of them had been commercialised and were available in the market. The pace and intensity of the work is typically governed by competitive forces, and the availability of capital and manpower to conduct major R&D and product development programs, and government regulations or financial incentives. 172 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment ReportPDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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