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2016/2281. Again, energy efficiency regulations and refrigerant regulations are completely separate. Other methods used to describe the environmental effects of chiller operation are Total Equivalent Warming Impact (TEWI) or Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP) and Life- Cycle Warming Impact (LCWI). These methods are defined in Chapter 2, Refrigerants, and further discussed in Chapter 11, Sustainable Refrigeration. 9.3.4 Non-fluorinated refrigerants There is no ‘perfect’ or universal refrigerant (Calm and Didion, 1997). Each refrigerant has characteristics that must be dealt with to be successfully sold in a competitive product. Products using non-fluorinated refrigerants with near zero GWP have gained momentum in the market place, notably in Europe, even as the use of new low GWP refrigerants is emerging. • R-717 (Ammonia) Chillers employing R-717 as a refrigerant have been available for decades in positive displacement compressor systems, and are used in industrial and central chiller plant systems. There are a number of installations in Europe, the Middle East, China, and the US. R-717 chillers are available with open drive screw compressors in the capacity range 100-7000 kW. Chillers with open drive reciprocating compressors are available in the capacity range 20-1600 kW. R-717 is classified as safety group B2L. It is both toxic and flammable, so safety considerations must be addressed for any installation. R-717 chillers are manufactured in small quantities compared to HFC chillers using fluorochemical refrigerants of similar capacity. Different materials of construction are used because R-717 causes rapid corrosion of copper, the most widely used material for heat exchanger surfaces in chillers using fluorochemical refrigerants. Plate-and-frame steel heat exchangers are common in R-717 systems. R-717 is better suited to water-cooled chillers because of higher costs of air-cooled R-717 condenser coils. Information on R-717 chiller applications in building air conditioning is given in (Pearson, 2008a; Pearson, 2008b) and in (Pearson, 2012). R-717 is not a suitable refrigerant for centrifugal chillers because it requires four or more compressor stages to produce the pressure rise (“lift” or “head”) required. If the use of R-717 refrigerant in chillers is to expand in the capacity range served by positive displacement compressors, particularly outside Europe, several impediments must be addressed: R-717 chiller costs typically are higher than for HCFC and HFC chillers. Safety concerns with R-717 in comfort cooling applications can increase installation costs. Building codes in some countries heavily restrict applications. None-the-less, the market for R-717 chillers is accepted in regions where concerns about the control of high-GWP refrigerants are strong and safety considerations are addressed. • HC 290 (Propane) Propane and other hydrocarbon refrigerants are highly flammable and classified group A3. A discussion of safety aspects is given in the Annex to Chapter 2. Simply put, the use of highly flammable refrigerants in an indoor space poses significant safety issues that must be dealt with. However, chillers employing hydrocarbons as a refrigerant have been available and successfully applied in outdoor locations for many years, though typically only in small capacities (up to 200 kW) per refrigerant circuit. HC-290 is used in chillers in air conditioning and industrial 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment Report 179PDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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